The 2019 Canada’s Food Guide (CFG) recommends that foods containing mostly unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) should replace foods that contain mostly SFA to reduce SFA intakes.
The objective of this study ...was to model the theoretical changes in intake of SFA at the population level if all Canadians adhered to that recommendation.
Dietary intakes from 24-h recalls in the nationally representative 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey–Nutrition were used for these analyses. Foods identified as high in SFA based on Health Canada’s criteria ≥2 g SFA per reference amount and/or ≥15% of energy (%E) of the food’s content as SFA were replaced by an equal amount (gram per gram) of substitution foods that were lower in SFA and had a higher UFA to SFA ratio. Distributions of SFA and other nutrients before and after substitutions were estimated using the National Cancer Institute (NCI) method based on dietary intakes data from a 24-h recall repeated in 37% of the population.
The mean (95% CI) dietary SFA intake among Canadians 2 y or older would be theoretically reduced from 10.8%E (10.7, 11.0%E) to 5.8%E (5.7, 5.9%E) if all high-SFA foods consumed were replaced by the corresponding low-SFA/high-UFA foods. Modeled usual intake of SFA after substitution was <10%E in 100% of Canadians, irrespective of sex and age. Almost half (44%) of the modeled reduction in SFA intake was attributed to replacement of SFA-rich foods not recommended in the 2019 CFG.
This food-based substitution modeling analysis suggests that consumption of SFA would be below 10%E in Canada if all Canadians adhered to the 2019 CFG recommendation that foods containing mostly UFA should replace foods that contain mostly SFA.
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Linguistic computational techniques based on hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set (HFLTS) have been swiftly advanced on various fronts over the past five years. However, one critical issue in the ...existing theoretical development is that modeling possibility distribution based semantics involves a relatively strict constraint that linguistic terms are uniformly distributed across an HFLTS. Releasing the constraint of uniform HFLTS through which individual semantics could be customized is challenging yet intriguing for participants interested in this topic. Comparative linguistic expressions (CLEs) generated from context-free grammar facilitate flexible and accurate linguistic elicitation, and in consideration of computational simplicity, are transformed into HFLTSs that are machine manipulatable. It is imperative that the precision of customized individual semantics can be significantly improved with respect to different CLEs. This study proposes a novel possibility computation structure for HFLTS possibility distributions based on the linguistic terms similarity measure. The uniquely established linguistic terms in each and every CLE are initially treated as referential items for comparison. Then, possibilities of linguistic terms in a transformed HFLTS can be calculated as their similarity degrees to the predetermined referential item. Subsequently, the interweaving method in which a consistent inner interweaving matrix needs to be constructed is adopted for attitudinal characters to attain appealing degrees characterized in the unit interval. The generated attitudinal HFLTS possibility distributions provide a solution to the problem of modeling individually the semantic implications of CLEs. Several illustrative examples and comparative analyses further demonstrate that individual semantics endowed with attitudinal character model efficiently individual differences in cognitive styles.
The CFG pile comprises composite materials like cement, fly ash, and gravel with adequate water to achieve various grades. It is one of the best techniques to enhance ground bearing capacity in soft ...and problematic soil. CFG pile has a good amount of lateral resistance capacity. This research study’s main objective is to study a single and small group of casted CFG piles in the laboratory. Also, discussion on the Installation procedure of CFG pile in a confined area, temperature, and curing process. In order to improve the workability of the CFG pile, several laboratory experiments were conducted on various groups of CFG in this experimental analysis. They are made up of a variety of Cement, Fly ash, and gravel particle proportions. Moreover, the research looked at nine pile group combinations (2×1, 2×2, 3×2, 2×3 in square Paton, subjected to a lateral load in a longer direction when in three CFG piles triangular parallel and perpendicular to the base angle of triangular subjected to the lateral load) with a 1.5 D pile spacing values (where D is the pile diameter). In terms of load vs. lateral displacement, load vs. soil resistance, and associated double tangential curved method, the effects of load intensities, group configuration, and Pile are discussed. The improved plots can be used to plan laterally filled CFG piles and equations for group action design. As a result, architecture curves for assessing pile group activity using improvements were developed and implemented in experiments. Results show that the CFG pile was subjected to lateral load and lateral displacement within the permissible limit. The CFG Pile and Pile surrounding soil interaction comparative results were discussed. Suppose the suitable soil elastic modulus is selected. In that case, the numerical, analytical solution and the back load-settlement curve approach can reasonably estimate the lateral deformation concerning Depth and the group efficiency, respectively, according to the relation between numerical and experimental findings.
Different from source code clone detection, clone detection (similar code search) in binary executables faces big challenges due to the gigantic differences in the syntax and the structure of binary ...code that result from different configurations of compilers, architectures and OSs. Existing studies have proposed different categories of features for detecting binary code clones, including CFG structures, n-gram in CFG, input/output values, etc. In our previous study and the tool BinGo, to mitigate the huge gaps in CFG structures due to different compilation scenarios, we propose a selective inlining technique to capture the complete function semantics by inlining relevant library and user-defined functions. However, only features of input/output values are considered in BinGo. In this study, we propose to incorporate features from different categories (e.g., structural features and high-level semantic features) for accuracy improvement and emulation for efficiency improvement. We empirically compare our tool, BinGo-E, with the pervious tool BinGo and the available state-of-the-art tools of binary code search in terms of search accuracy and performance. Results show that BinGo-E achieves significantly better accuracies than BinGo for cross-architecture matching, cross-OS matching, cross-compiler matching and intra-compiler matching. Additionally, in the new task of matching binaries of forked projects, BinGo-E also exhibits a better accuracy than the existing benchmark tool. Meanwhile, BinGo-E takes less time than BinGo during the process of matching.
Malware can range from simple adware to stealthy kernel control-flow modifying rootkits. Although anti-virus software is popular, an ongoing cat-and-mouse cycle of anti-virus development and malware ...that thwarts the anti-virus has ensued. More recently, trusted hardware-based malware detection techniques are being developed on the premise that it is easier to bypass software-based defenses than hardware-based counterparts. One such approach is the use of hardware performance counters (HPCs) to detect malware for Linux and Android platforms. This paper, for the first time, presents an analytical framework to investigate the security provided by HPC-based malware detection techniques. The HPC readings are periodically monitored over the duration of the program execution for comparison with a golden HPC reading. We develop a mathematical framework to investigate the probability of malware detection, when HPCs are monitored at a pre-determined sampling interval. In other words, given a program, a set of HPCs, and a sampling rate, the framework can be employed to analyze the probability of malware detection.
Source code documentation is an important process for software project maintenance and management. The documentation process always consumes a lot of time and effort from human experts. The software ...project document should be concise and clear without any ambiguity. Existing source code documentation tools like JavaDoc are very limited in the market. Also, tools can identify only the predefined methods of corresponding programming languages. In this paper, a novel system is proposed to automate the source code documentation process for C programming language using the source code summarization technique of NLP. The core component of this proposed system i.e., Software Word Usage Model (SWUM) build using Context-Free Grammars and NLP preprocessing techniques. This system can successfully generate the documentation for a C program along with predefined and user-defined methods using Natural Language Generation technique. This proposed system can document a program in two major formats; method-based, abstract level and statement-based, detailed level. The proposed system efficiency is evaluated by comparing system-generated source code documentation with an expert generated documentation. Results obtained from that comparison shows that the proposed system can give better performance for small and medium-size software projects.
•Full-scale field tests are used to study thermo-mechanical behavior of CFG energy piles.•Heat extraction or sink induces thermal tensile or compressive stress in pile shaft, respectively.•Energy ...pile head settles or heaves slightly during one cycle of heating and cooling process.•Heated energy piles possess unchanged bearing capacity.•Cooled energy piles possess slightly decreased bearing capacity.
Energy piles have gradually emerged as a new application of ground source heat pump systems due to the heat exchange efficiency per unit length, excellent heat conductivity and low construction cost. Full-scale field tests are carried out to study the thermo-mechanical behavior of “Cement Fly-ash Gravel (CFG) piles”, a popular ground improvement technology in China. These piles are actually constructed by continuous flight auger (CFA) with the cement, fly ash, gravel, etc., being the constituents of the concrete used to form the pile shaft. The displacement of the pile head is measured, thermal stress due to temperature change of the pile is calculated and the changing laws of the stress/strain and temperature profiles along the depth of the pile under thermal loads and constant mechanical loads applied on pile head are analyzed. An ultimate bearing capacity test of a single CFG pile/soil composite foundation is carried out to investigate the effects of the heating–cooling exchange process on the bearing capacity of CFG energy piles. Systematic tests are implemented to study the mechanical responses of CFG energy piles and the effects of thermal stress on the mechanical behavior of the piles, which will benefit the design and application of CFG energy piles.
An emulsion was prepared using corn fibre gum (CFG) and the resulting oil and aqueous phases were separated by centrifugation. The material adsorbed onto the surface of the oil droplets in the oil ...phase was desorbed using surfactant. The desorbed CFG and the non-adsorbed CFG that remained present in the aqueous phase were collected, precipitated using alcohol and freeze dried. Their sugar composition, phenolic acid, lipid and protein contents were determined. There was no consistent difference observed in the sugar composition, phenolic acid and lipid contents of the original material and the adsorbed and non-adsorbed fractions. There was, however, a significant difference in the protein contents with the adsorbed fraction containing ∼10.7% protein compared to 3.90% and 2.87% for the original and non-adsorbed CFG samples respectively. The three samples were also found to have very similar molecular mass distributions and each showed the presence of two peaks using refractive index detection. The major peak, corresponding to ∼95% of the total, had a molecular mass of ∼650,000 g/mol and the minor peak corresponded to a molecular mass of ∼90,000 g/mol. The corresponding UV elution profiles indicated that the minor peak contained a significant proportion of phenolic and/or proteinaceous material.
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•Corn fibre gum is an excellent emulsifier for oil-in-water emulsions.•The adsorbed CFG has a higher amount of protein than non-adsorbed CFG.•The proteinaceous material of CFG facilitates its adsorption on oil droplets.•Adsorbed and non-adsorbed CFGs have similar sugar composition.
A novel leader-slave cooperative navigation (CN) algorithm based on factor graph with cycles (CFG) is proposed for multiple Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) in this paper. To estimate the ...positioning and orientation of the slave AUV simultaneously, a CFG is constructed with range and bearing angle measurements. Aiming at cycles existing on a factor graph (FG) due to bearing angle measurements, the clustering method is utilized to convert a CFG model into a cycle-free FG model, and then Sum-Product Algorithm (SPA) is adopted to obtain an estimation of the slave AUV's position and orientation. Compared with existing popular CN algorithms based on Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and Particle Filter (PF), the simulation results show the superiority of the proposed CN algorithm in terms of the computation complexity and the estimation accuracy. In addition, the simulation results illustrate that the positioning accuracy is effectively improved by the introduction of bearing angle measurements compared with the FG-based CN algorithm with only range measurements. The validity of the proposed CN algorithm is also evaluated on field trial data, and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed CN algorithm has better performance than the EKF-based CN algorithm.
•The most prominent contribution of this paper is that relative angle measurements between leader AUV and slave AUV are introduced into FG-based CN algorithm in addition to range measurements for the first time. Furthermore, with the introduction of relative angle measurements, a CFG model is constructed with range and bearing angle measurements.•To get solutions on a CFG model, we use the clustering method to transfer the CFG model into a cycle-free FG model. Furthermore, SPA is adopted to pass and calculate messages in the proposed CFG model to obtain position and orientation estimation.
Despite being highly emissive in solution, aggregation of 4-(4,5-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H- imidazole-2-yl) benzaldehyde (BMI) molecules typically results in the quenching of fluorescence. To overcome ...the shortcomings of aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ), the substituent of imidazole in the nitrogen atom of the BMI have been found as a conformation function group (CFG) to turn the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect. The introduction of CFG not only causes the restriction of intramolecular rotations (RIR) effect, but also attenuates the coplanarity of the molecule. As a result, the BMI with ACQ effect is transformed into BMIs with AIE effect. As the steric hindrance of the CFG increases, the AIE characteristic of the derivative also becomes apparent. With the assistance of the thioacetal unit, BMIBD can act as an outstanding probe for the detection of Hg2+ with high sensitivity and selectivity. A series of characterizations were implemented to prove the unique response mechanism of BMIBD toward mercury ions, including optical behavior investigation, mass analysis and 1H NMR studies. Further, the detection limit is low up to 36 nM. Taking advantages of excellent optical properties of this AIE probe BMIBD, point-of-care testing (POCT) for Hg2+ detection was further investigated. Meanwhile, BMIBD presented the desirable analytical property for the real water samples. Additionally, cellular imaging experiment revealed that the probe has an excellent biocompatibility that could be applied for tracking Hg2+ in living cells.
The conversion of ACQ fluorophores into AIE fluorophores via introduction of conformational function group and its application in mercury detection. Display omitted
•Successfully converted an ACQ group into an AIE group via introducing a conformation function group.•Design and synthesis of a turn-on probe based on umpolung strategy for the detection of Hg2+.•BMIBD performs well in detecting Hg2+ with great selectivity and sensitivity.•BMIBD is successfully applied to Hg2+ imaging in living cells and detection in environmental samples.•A POCT for Hg2+ detection is developed.
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