Today our societies face great challenges with water, in terms of both quantity and quality, but many of these challenges have already existed in the past. Focusing on Asia, Water Societies and ...Technologies from the Past and Present seeks to highlight the issues that emerge or re-emerge across different societies and periods, and asks what they can tell us about water sustainability. Incorporating cutting-edge research and pioneering field surveys on past and present water management practices, the interdisciplinary contributors together identify how societies managed water resource challenges and utilised water in ways that allowed them to evolve, persist, or drastically alter their environment. The case studies, from different periods, ancient and modern, and from different regions, including Egypt, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Southwest United States, the Indus Basin, the Yangtze River, the Mesopotamian floodplain, the early Islamic city of Sultan Kala in Turkmenistan, and ancient Korea, offer crucial empirical data to readers interested in comparing the dynamics of water management practices across time and space, and to those who wish to understand water-related issues through conceptual and quantitative models of water use. The case studies also challenge classical theories on water management and social evolution, examine and establish the deep historical roots and ecological foundations of water sustainability issues, and contribute new grounds for innovations in sustainable urban planning and ecological resilience.
Turn on the faucet, and water pours out. Pull out the drain plug, and the dirty water disappears. Most of us give little thought to the hidden systems that bring us water and take it away when we're ...done with it. But these underappreciated marvels of engineering face an array of challenges that cannot be solved without a fundamental change to our relationship with water, David Sedlak explains in this enlightening book. To make informed decisions about the future, we need to understand the three revolutions in urban water systems that have occurred over the past 2,500 years and the technologies that will remake the system.
The author starts by describing Water 1.0, the early Roman aqueducts, fountains, and sewers that made dense urban living feasible. He then details the development of drinking water and sewage treatment systems-the second and third revolutions in urban water. He offers an insider's look at current systems that rely on reservoirs, underground pipe networks, treatment plants, and storm sewers to provide water that is safe to drink, before addressing how these water systems will have to be reinvented. For everyone who cares about reliable, clean, abundant water, this book is essential reading.
L’eau douce est une ressource vitale non seulement pour les êtres humains mais aussi pour l’ensemble de la biosphère. Or, au nom de la « rareté », on nous propose de la considérer comme un « bien ...économique », susceptible d’être approprié et échangé selon les règles du marché. Mais ces règles, fondées sur la propriété et donc l’exclusion, ne peuvent garantir en ce domaine le respect de la dignité humaine. Peut-on transformer en marchandises tous les biens et services, matériels et immatériels,nécessaires à la vie et au « vivre ensemble » et laisser l’équilibre entre l’offre et la demande décider de leur allocation ?
Essentielle à la vie et à l’activité humaine, l’eau douce devient une préoccupation en droit international. Sa réglementation, d’abord consacrée aux fleuves partagés entre plusieurs États, s’est peu ...à peu infléchie vers d’autres sources d’eau. Aujourd’hui, sa raréfaction, la nécessité d’une répartition durable de ses usages, son utilisation comme arme de guerre, sa vulnérabilité face à la dégradation de l’environnement ou encore la prévention des différends sont autant d’enjeux qui appellent à une mobilisation et à un renforcement du droit international.
Disturbed by stories of drownings in the river behind his home in Eau Claire, Wisconsin, writer B. J. Hollars combed the archives of local newspapers only to discover vast discrepancies in articles ...about the deaths. In homage to Michael Lesy’s cult classic, Wisconsin Death Trip , Hollars pairs reports from late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century journalists with fictional versions, creating a hybrid text complete with facts, lies, and a wide range of blurring in between. Charles Van Schaick’s macabre, staged photographs from the era appear alongside the dispatches, further complicating the messiness of history and the limits of truth.
Le présent travail concerne la gestion des eaux salées en irrigation de la culture de piment à travers le pratique de pilotage d’irrigation et l’utilisation de technique de magnétisation afin de ...réduire les risques de dégradation du sol et d’améliorer la productivité de culture. A cet effet, une expérimentation a été menée dans une parcelle expérimentale située dans la région de Médenine, Tunisie. La culture du piment variété Baklouti a été transplanté sur un sol sableux et irriguée au goutte à goutte avec des eaux ayant une salinité de 7,3 dS/m. Trois traitements d’irrigation ont considérés. Deux traitements magnétiques consistent à traiter l’eau salée par un champ magnétique en utilisant deux magnétiseurs Delta-Water (DW) et Magiko. Dans le troisième traitement (Témoin), l’eau n’a pas été traitée. Les mesures effectuées ont porté sur l’humidité et la salinité du sol, l’indice foliaire (LAI), le poids frais, et la teneur relative en eau durant le cycle de développement de la culture. A la récolte, le rendement et ses composantes (nombre des fruits /plante, poids de fruits/plante) ont été évalués.
Les résultats montrent que le pilotage d’irrigation adapté aux conditions réelles maintient l’humidité du sol proche à la capacité au champ pour les trois traitements. Par ailleurs, le pilotage adopté et les quantités des pluies reçues ont permis de réduire la salinité du sol. Les traitements magnétiques améliorent la croissance de la culture avec l’augmentation de l’indice foliaire. L’augmentation de la croissance est due à une amélioration significative de la teneur relative en eau de la culture. Ces techniques résultent, également, en une augmentation du rendement (20 et 22.4 t/ha) et ses composants et une amélioration du calibre des fruits qui atteint 10.3 g pour les plantes traitées par Magiko comparé à 8.8 et 8.3 g, respectivement, pour DW et témoin. Ainsi, l’utilisation du traitement magnétique de l’eau en agriculture pourrait constituer une technique prometteuse dans la valorisation des eaux salées qui reste à confirmer par des expérimentations à long terme et dans différentes conditions
•IF reduced thawing loss and maintained the water holding capacity during storage.•IF sample had small and uniform distribution of ice crystals during storage.•IF sample had a shorter T2 relaxation ...time during storage.•IF effectively maintained the content of unfrozen water during storage.•IF was an effective method to reduce water migration of grass carp during storage.
Recently, immersion freezing (IF) has attracted the attention of many food researchers due to its potential in improving the quality of frozen food. In this study, the effects of air blast freezing (AF), IF and liquid nitrogen freezing (LNF) on the water holding capacity ice crystals, and water migration in grass carp muscles during frozen storage were evaluated. The thawing loss in AF, IF and LNF samples were 13.88 %, 5.49 % and 7.08 %, respectively, and was significantly lower in IF samples than in AF and LNF samples (P < 0.05). Besides, the water holding capacity and pH of all samples gradually decreased during frozen storage. Smaller and more regular intracellular ice crystals were observed in frozen samples during LNF and IF compared with AF. Moreover, IF and LNF had positive effects on the size and distribution of ice crystals. Low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LN-NMR) results showed that IF reduced water migration during frozen storage. In addition, with prolongation of frozen storage time, IF effectively maintained the content of unfrozen water. Therefore, IF can be used as an alternative to the rapid freezing of grass carp with better restriction of water in tissues.
To present a summary of the 2020 version of the European Association of Urology (EAU)-European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM)-European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology (ESTRO)-European ...Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR)-International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG) guidelines on screening, diagnosis, and local treatment of clinically localised prostate cancer (PCa).
The panel performed a literature review of new data, covering the time frame between 2016 and 2020. The guidelines were updated and a strength rating for each recommendation was added based on a systematic review of the evidence.
A risk-adapted strategy for identifying men who may develop PCa is advised, generally commencing at 50 yr of age and based on individualised life expectancy. Risk-adapted screening should be offered to men at increased risk from the age of 45 yr and to breast cancer susceptibility gene (BRCA) mutation carriers, who have been confirmed to be at risk of early and aggressive disease (mainly BRAC2), from around 40 yr of age. The use of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging in order to avoid unnecessary biopsies is recommended. When a biopsy is performed, a combination of targeted and systematic biopsies must be offered. There is currently no place for the routine use of tissue-based biomarkers. Whilst prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography computed tomography is the most sensitive staging procedure, the lack of outcome benefit remains a major limitation. Active surveillance (AS) should always be discussed with low-risk patients, as well as with selected intermediate-risk patients with favourable International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) 2 lesions. Local therapies are addressed, as well as the AS journey and the management of persistent prostate-specific antigen after surgery. A strong recommendation to consider moderate hypofractionation in intermediate-risk patients is provided. Patients with cN1 PCa should be offered a local treatment combined with long-term hormonal treatment.
The evidence in the field of diagnosis, staging, and treatment of localised PCa is evolving rapidly. The 2020 EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-SIOG guidelines on PCa summarise the most recent findings and advice for their use in clinical practice. These PCa guidelines reflect the multidisciplinary nature of PCa management.
Updated prostate cancer guidelines are presented, addressing screening, diagnosis, and local treatment with curative intent. These guidelines rely on the available scientific evidence, and new insights will need to be considered and included on a regular basis. In some cases, the supporting evidence for new treatment options is not yet strong enough to provide a recommendation, which is why continuous updating is important. Patients must be fully informed of all relevant options and, together with their treating physicians, decide on the most optimal management for them.
The 2020 European Association of Urology (EAU)-European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM)-European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology (ESTRO)-European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR)-International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG) guidelines on prostate cancer (PCa) summarise the most recent findings and provide recommendations for clinical practice, addressing screening, diagnosis, and local treatment with curative intent. Key stakeholders in PCa management were involved in their development, including a patient representative. A full version is available at the EAU office and online at http://uroweb.org/guideline/prostate-cancer/. A separate publication will address the management of relapsing-, metastatic-, and castration-resistant PCa.
To present a summary of the 2020 version of the European Association of Urology (EAU)-European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM)-European Society for Radiotherapy & Oncology (ESTRO)-European ...Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR)-International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG) guidelines on the treatment of relapsing, metastatic, and castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC).
The working panel performed a literature review of the new data (2016–2019). The guidelines were updated, and the levels of evidence and/or grades of recommendation were added based on a systematic review of the literature.
Prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography computed tomography scanning has developed an increasingly important role in men with biochemical recurrence after local therapy. Early salvage radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy appears as effective as adjuvant radiotherapy and, in a subset of patients, should be combined with androgen deprivation. New treatments have become available for men with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (PCa), nonmetastatic CRPC, and metastatic CRPC, along with a role for local radiotherapy in men with low-volume metastatic hormone-sensitive PCa. Also included is information on quality of life outcomes in men with PCa.
The knowledge in the field of advanced and metastatic PCa and CRPC is changing rapidly. The 2020 EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-SIOG guidelines on PCa summarise the most recent findings and advice for use in clinical practice. These PCa guidelines are first endorsed by the EANM and reflect the multidisciplinary nature of PCa management. A full version is available from the EAU office or online (http://uroweb.org/guideline/prostate-cancer/).
This article summarises the guidelines for the treatment of relapsing, metastatic, and castration-resistant prostate cancer. These guidelines are evidence based and guide the clinician in the discussion with the patient on the treatment decisions to be taken. These guidelines are updated every year; this summary spans the 2017–2020 period of new evidence.
The knowledge in the field of advanced and metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) and castration-resistant prostate cancer is changing rapidly. The 2020 European Association of Urology (EAU)-European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM)-European Society for Radiotherapy & Oncology (ESTRO)-European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR)-International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG) guidelines on PCa summarise the most recent findings and advice for use in clinical practice. These PCa guidelines are first endorsed by the EANM and reflect the multidisciplinary nature of PCa management. A full version is available from the EAU office or online (http://uroweb.org/guideline/prostate-cancer/).
