In recent years, with the fast development of computer and Internet technologies, text-mining computer methods are becoming more and more important. Computer systems capacities can be further used in ...such areas as text summarization, information retrieval, text correcting, determining text subject, machine text translation, creating lexicons, determining text sentiment. This monograph is focused on sentiment analysis in the most popular meaning of this phrase i.e. on the sentiment of the whole document. The problems of binary classification (two document groups), staying away from external sources, using the training set but in the possibly smallest size, were emphasized. The monograph’s targets are: providing a comparative review of sentiment analysis methods to be found in literature, investigating the quality of selected methods of document sentiment classification in applications to Polish language written documents, proposing new methods which would upgrade the classification quality or possess other advantages. An original method with simple interpretation has been proposed which proved to be better than standard methods applied to classify English language documents, especially in the case of documents corpora with similar number of documents in both classes. The research was carried out on thirteen sets of documents from different independent sources.
The book handed over to the Readers includes the scientific, didactic and organizational achievements of statisticians and demographers of the University of Lodz. It can be treated as a continuation ...of the monograph entitled "Lodz academic statistics", published in 2020. The aim of the book is to present the achievements of statisticians and demographers of the University of Lodz, including precursors who have made a significant contribution to the development of statistics and demography as scientific disciplines and their wide application in many fields of knowledge. The occasion to publish this book was the 77th anniversary of the first lectures conducted by academic teachers at the University of Lodz and at the Lodz Branch of the Warsaw School of Economics. The presented scientific work covers a period of over one hundred years and has contributed to the significant development of statistics and demography in numerous higher education institutions, mainly at the University of Lodz. The Lodz community also supported other universities in Poland by promoting doctors and habilitated doctors, managing scientific projects and by organizing international conferences, including Multivariate Statistical Analysis conference, which will have its 40th edition in 2022. The book is scientific and popular science. It enriches the information on the scientific and didactic achievements of statisticians and demographers of the University of Lodz against the background of Polish, and partly also global, statistics and demography, in the process of historical development. Based on source documents, these achievements were presented against the background of Polish statistical and demographic thought ant its contribution to international statistical congresses.
This book analyzes the Central Asian economies of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, from their buffeting by the commodity boom of the early 2000s to its ...collapse in 2014. Richard Pomfret examines the countries' relations with external powers and the possibilities for development offered by infrastructure projects as well as rail links between China and Europe.
The transition of these nations from centrally planned to market-based economic systems was essentially complete by the early 2000s, when the region experienced a massive increase in world prices for energy and mineral exports. This raised incomes in the main oil and gas exporters, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan; brought more benefits to the most populous country, Uzbekistan; and left the poorest countries, the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan, dependent on remittances from migrant workers in oil-rich Russia and Kazakhstan. Pomfret considers the enhanced role of the Central Asian nations in the global economy and their varied ties to China, the European Union, Russia, and the United States. With improved infrastructure and connectivity between China and Europe (reflected in regular rail freight services since 2011 and China's announcement of its Belt and Road Initiative in 2013), relaxation of United Nations sanctions against Iran in 2016, and the change in Uzbekistan's presidency in late 2016, a window of opportunity appears to have opened for Central Asian countries to achieve more sustainable economic futures.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is at the center of the international monetary system. Such a position allows this institution to influence monetary relations among all subjects that enter into ...such relations. The aim of this paper is to ensure a better understanding of the establishment and operation of the International Monetary Fund, as well as the structure of the International Monetary Fund and its impact on the international monetary system. In this context, the paper addresses the question of whether the International Monetary Fund has the ability to be the main actor in regulating international monetary relations. In order to provide the whole picture, this paper first analyzes the reasons for the establishment of the International Monetary Fund, its legal position and organization. In particular, the authors focus on the changing role it played within the Bretton Woods International Monetary System, and the role it plays today.
Cartels agreements are contracted between market participants with the aim of hindering, restricting or distorting competition. The paper first provides a definition of cartel agreements and their ...categorization, with reference to the most common types of cartel agreements. The author elaborates on the price algorithm, as one of the most prevalent forms of competitors' collusion in the digital domain. Given that the digital age provides infinite opportunities for contracting illegal agreements and competition distortion, the author presents the challenges and obstacles encountered by national competition authorities in various countries, and describes how they established effective mechanisms to combat cartels. In particular, the author refers to the amended German Act against Restraints of Competition, by means of which Germany became the first country in Europe to introduce radical measures in the battle against technological giants, whose economic power frequently exceeds the power of states. Finally, the author underscores the need for the states to work together to combat digital cartels.
