Key message A comparative analysis of the genus Flaveria showed a C.sub.4 evolutionary process in which the anatomical and metabolic features of C.sub.4 photosynthesis were gradually acquired through ...C.sub.3-C.sub.4 intermediate stages. C.sub.4 photosynthesis has been acquired in multiple lineages of angiosperms during evolution to suppress photorespiration. Crops that perform C.sub.4 photosynthesis exhibit high rates of CO.sub.2 assimilation and high grain production even under high-temperature in semiarid environments; therefore, engineering C.sub.4 photosynthesis in C.sub.3 plants is of great importance in the application field. The genus Flaveria contains a large number of C.sub.3, C.sub.3-C.sub.4 intermediate, C.sub.4-like, and C.sub.4 species, making it a good model genus to study the evolution of C.sub.4 photosynthesis, and these studies indicate the direction for C.sub.4 engineering. C.sub.4 photosynthesis was acquired gradually through the C.sub.3-C.sub.4 intermediate stage. First, a two-celled C.sub.2 cycle called C.sub.2 photosynthesis was acquired by localizing glycine decarboxylase activity in the mitochondria of bundle sheath cells. With the development of two-cell metabolism, anatomical features also changed. Next, the replacement of the two-celled C.sub.2 cycle by the two-celled C.sub.4 cycle was induced by the acquisition of cell-selective expression in addition to the upregulation of enzymes in the C.sub.4 cycle during the C.sub.3-C.sub.4 intermediate stage. This was supported by an increase in cyclic electron transport activity in response to an increase in the ATP/NADPH demand for metabolism. Suppression of the C.sub.3 cycle in mesophyll cells was induced after the functional establishment of the C.sub.4 cycle, and optimization of electron transport by suppressing the activity of photosystem II also occurred during the final phase of C.sub.4 evolution.
Este texto presenta una revisión sistemática de artículos científicos, tipo scoping review, sobre educación matemática en programas de ingeniería, en los entornos colombiano y norteamericano, durante ...el periodo 2000 - 2020. La exploración, surgida del proyecto de investigación "Fundamentos teóricos y metodológicos de la enseñanza de la matemática en ingeniería", siguió los protocolos del Instituto Joanna Briggs y consideró literatura especializada incluida en Scopus y Publindex. La información, clasificada como "experiencia pedagógica", "reflexión" o "revisión", permitió describir tendencias de investigación y acción respecto a la enseñanza, el aprendizaje, el currículo y la evaluación de las matemáticas en ingeniería. Los resultados permitieron concluir que en el contexto norteamericano existe un interés significativo por la investigación sobre el aprendizaje, el currículo y la evaluación de las matemáticas en ingeniería, desde enfoques sistémicos, interdisciplinarios y socioculturales. En contraste, la literatura sobre el tema en Colombia presenta una tendencia al estudio de procesos de enseñanza, desde perspectivas disciplinares y cognitivas de la educación matemática.
Coastal communities are currently facing the challenge of climate change and coastal retreat. While scientists are moving towards ensemble-modelling approaches to address uncertainties on shoreline ...evolution predictions, they rarely account for the stochastic nature of wave conditions across a variety of temporal scales (e.g., daily, weekly, seasonal, and interannual). In this contribution, we investigate the effects of the inherent variability of wave conditions on past and future multi-decadal shoreline evolution at the, cross-shore transport dominated, beach of Truc Vert (France). Using a climate-based wave emulator and variance decomposition method, we address the relative impacts of uncertain wave chronology, sea-level rise and model free parameters on modelled shoreline change, while accounting for possible correlations and interactions among the input variables. This work is done for two different wave-driven equilibrium models. The results show that the equilibrium shoreline models respond differently to the ensemble wave forcing, with strong implications on the long-term variability of modelled shoreline. We find that the modelled shoreline variance is primarily driven by the uncertain wave chronology until mid-21 st century, while the uncertainties on future sea-level rise become dominant after 2060 in all the simulated scenarios. We also found that interactions and correlations among the uncertain variables can affect the estimation of shoreline predictions uncertainties. Finally, we provide a perspective on the application of non-stationary wave-related model parameters as future research avenue for understanding uncertainties in modelled shoreline.
