Straipsnyje daugiausia dėmesio skiriama vietinių veiksnių ir europėjimo procesui kaip gyventojų politinės orientacijos ir viešosios politikos veiksniams, jų sąveikai Slovakijos pasienio Košicės ir ...Prešovo regionuose, taip pat Ukrainos Užkarpatės regione. Tyrime naudoti statistiniai duomenys, taip pat Delphi metodu surinkti duomenys. Siekiant atrasti atsakymus į pagrindinius tyrimo klausimus pasitelktos šiuolaikinės europeizavimo sampratos, pasienio regionuose atliktų lokalių tyrimų rezultatai. Vietiniai veiksniai, susiję su istorinio vystymosi ypatumais, stipriai veikia gyventojų politinę kultūrą ir viešąją politiką ir tą rodo nepotizmas, bendras priešiškumas elitui, pilietinio aktyvumo skirtumai tarp miesto ir kaimo. Tačiau jau esama įrodymų, kad politinę kultūrą Slovakijos ir Ukrainos pasienio regionuose ir atitinkamą politikos procesą reikšmingai paveikė europeizavimo procesai. Viena vertus, šios tendencijos pavyzdžiais laikytini: visuomenės dalyvavimas vietos ir regionų plėtroje, nevyriausybinių organizacijų aktyvumas ir plėtra, ir t. t. Kita vertus, pasienio gyventojų politinės kultūros pokyčiai, veikiami kitų veiksnių, nėra šio straipsnio dėmesio centre ir bus kito mokslinio tyrimo tema.
Despite taking significant steps to comply with the Copenhagen criteria after receiving the candidate‐country status in 1999, Turkey gradually moved away from European norms, values, and policy ...demands in various policy areas. This study explores (de)‐Europeanization of Turkey's gender equality policy in terms of both legislative changes and the shifts observed in domestic actors' discourses over the past decade, focusing particularly on the debates surrounding the Istanbul Convention. It argues that the fading credibility of the EU conditionality coupled with domestic political dynamics led to the weakening of the EU as a reference point in domestic debates, where policies ensuring gender equality were reversed by pro‐family conservative discourses and policies. The study points to domestic factors, including the country's authoritarian turn, and international factors such as the stalling EU‐Turkey relations coupled with the backlash against gender equality in EU member states as the key dimensions of de‐Europeanization of gender equality policy.
This thesis offers a critical examination of political struggles in post-socialist (and post-transitional) Bulgaria. Through a focus on the protest mobilisations of 2013, and specifically on their ...internal antagonisms, it attempts to understand the dynamics of class and power on the terrain of civil society in the country more than twenty years after it began a 'transition' to liberal democracy and free market economy. To grasp these, it places a focus on their discourses, adopting a Critical Discourse Analysis approach to study the ways in which the language of the protests reflected and at the same time constructed specific power configurations. The theoretical framework it builds to understand the socio-political context of the protests draws on the social theory work of Antonio Gramsci and Ernst Bloch. The theoretical synthesis of their work on ideology and utopia, and its application to the political contestations in Bulgaria, enables this thesis to argue that the 2013 mobilisations were underpinned by a historical class struggle between a more conservative and a more radical line of contention. The latter was designed by and for subaltern groups whose anti-systemic programme called for not just the eradication of corruption, but for more participatory forms of democracy, for social justice, and for freedom from want. The former, on the other hand, was designed by large sections of the powerful group of intellectuals, for the middle classes, in whose imagined figure the intellectuals saw the historical strata capable of advancing the 'catch-up' projects of modernisation and Europeanisation which they zealously champion. In arguing for the significance of these insights, the thesis calls for more attention to be paid to class antagonisms in political mobilisations across the post-socialist region, as well as for a stronger theoretical focus on the intersection between ideological constructions and genuine utopian longings in studies of popular protest, since such a focus can help us better understand what propels many to enthusiastically support projects for social change which often fail to correspond to their own (class) interests.
This paper reviews the European Union-Georgia relations and explores why and how the Europeanization has been a tool for Georgia’s democratization. It examines the notions of Europeanization and ...democratization, and scrutinizes their linkage in the context of Georgia. In order to prove the research question, the research reviews several major official documents and implemented reforms, mostly in democracy, good governance, human rights, strengthening democratically accountable institutions, justice, freedom and security. The paper argues that democratization agenda has been driven by Europeanization because of three reasons: it was a legitimization factor; they had value convergence; and pragmatic reason – EU provided necessary technical expertise, knowledge and financial resources for facilitating the painful reforms and easing their transitional consequences.
There are many lexical studies on euphemisms and general studies, and there is currently a lack of research on euphemisms in context. There is a lack of relevant articles based on euphemisms for ...chronological studies. This article examines English euphemisms through chronological comparisons and focuses on the influence of different cultures of different generations on euphemisms. The article explains the fundamental logic of the change and development of euphemisms. The culture of Western countries emphasizes personality development, while Chinese culture emphasizes restraint. Under the influence of Western cultures, Western euphemisms are relatively simple and mostly used to express politeness. It is relatively complex and emphasizes the human understanding that Chinese culture influences Chinese euphemisms. Along with the Europeanization of Chinese, Chinese euphemisms have also been influenced to some extent by English euphemisms. However, as time passed, Chinese and English euphemisms developed in a more concise direction, but both languages retained the polite function of euphemisms. Euphemisms are meant to show politeness and avoid conflict. Therefore, it is important to use the right euphemisms in intercultural communication and inter-age communication.
The paper: ‘’Roma people and the Europeanization process. The status of European minority’’ focuses on the Europeanization process for the Roma people and what are the main key moments in defining ...them as an European minority. Furthermore, it is important to present how the Europeanization process impacted the Roma community and what are the principal changes that have emerged through gaining the status of European minority.
