In der Wahrnehmung der Öffentlichkeit ist Europa unauffindbar. Es ist nicht mit der EU im „europäischen Projekt" verschmolzen, wie es die europäischen Eliten behaupten. Deshalb soll das neu ...konzipierte Montaigne-Programm die Voraussetzungen dafür schaffen, dass sich Studierende während eines Urlaubssemesters in eine weniger bekannte europäische Sprache und Kultur einleben und so für einen besonderen Europäisierungsstil und für Europa als affektiven Raum empfänglich werden. Auf der Grundlage der Errungenschaften der Neuen Phänomenologie können so implantierende gemeinsame Situationen entstehen, mit der Aussicht auf eine sekundäre Epigenese der Person als Europäer/in.
Summary In this article, we are assessing the impact of GDPR on the adoption of the Brazilian LGPD regulation. The assessment is done in the context of Europeanization. After the introduction of key ...concepts, the article is providing deeper insight into the LGPD creation, revealing historical and teleological perceptions of the influence: Moreover, a separate chapter is provided on the comparative dimension. Overall, with the adoption of the GDPR EU created a comprehensive regulatory regime, which was reflected by Brazilian lawmakers, who found strong inspiration in the EU regulation and who have decided to converge in order to avoid losses associated with a potential difference between the EU and Brazilian data market. As a result, LGPD is very similar to the GDPR and in many parts is taking the same attitude..
This article investigates whether migration policies in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries have become more liberal or restrictive over the last decades and ...whether or not these policies have converged, especially among European Union (EU) countries. Owing to a lack of data, the few existing studies in this field have mostly focused on policy outcome data. Various and sometimes contradicting statements have therefore largely remained untested. This article analyses data from the Immigration Policies in Comparison (IMPIC) project that includes measures for different policy fields between 1980 and 2010 in all OECD states. We find that the conditions and criteria for entering and staying in a country have become more liberal. At the same time, however, we observe that more restrictive control mechanisms have been put in place. We also find that there is a general convergence trend in the migration policy field that varies in intensity, however, across policy fields. We only partially observe any Europeanization effects.
This article draws on data from six European countries (Denmark, England, Germany, Ireland, Poland and Spain) to explore the higher education timescapes inhabited by students. Despite arguments that ...degree-level study has become increasingly similar across Europe – because of global pressures and also specific initiatives such as the Bologna Process and the creation of a European Higher Education Area – it shows how such timescapes differed in important ways, largely by nation. These differences are then explained in terms of: the distinctive traditions of higher education still evident across the continent; the particular mechanisms through which degrees are funded; and the nature of recent national-level policy activity. The analysis thus speaks to debates about Europeanisation, as well as how we theorise the relationship between time and place.
The External Incentives Model (EIM) was designed to explain the Europeanization of the Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs) through the EU's accession conditionality. This article asks how ...relevant the model remains beyond its original context. We examine recent data and research on the EU's impact in two additional contexts: post-accession developments in the CEECs and the Southeast European countries currently in the accession process. We find that the model generally accounts well for the variation in Europeanization across domains and countries. More specifically, the credibility of incentives stands out as a crucial condition for the success of EU conditionality. At the same time, we note omissions and limitations of the original model: first, the model works with highly abstract conditions that require contextual specification to render them more meaningful and better testable. Second, the EIM starts from generally favourable, but underspecified, background conditions.
Up to 2019, Estonia's EU policy and foreign policy were based on a strong domestic political consensus. From April 2019 to January 2021, Estonia was led by a government coalition including a ...Eurosceptic populist party, which brought visible cracks to this consensus. The coalition agreement assured continuity in Estonia's foreign and EU policies, but the statements of some representatives of the coalition repeatedly brought this into question. During the same period, Estonia was faced with external pressure to de-Europeanize: the change and volatility of US foreign policy under Donald Trump put Estonia in a very uncomfortable position, on the one hand, striving to maintain strong relations with its most important security ally, while on the other hand trying to resist the negative impact of Trump's policies on the EU, NATO and multilateral cooperation. This article analyzes the drivers, indicators and consequences of the de-Europeanization of Estonian foreign policy, resulting from these internal and external pressures.
This paper seeks to present a theoretical development of the main lines of research that have addressed the emergence of a European Public Sphere (EPS). To this end, the outcomes of the literature ...are organized into three main categories: political communication in the European Union (EU), the role of digital platforms in a potential public sphere, and the progressive politicization of the EU. Finally, a range of pending challenges are identified. Facing them will help improve research in this field. The increasing politicization of 'Europe' as a topic in the literature and the constant use of digital platforms encourage a European public opinion, which acts together on certain issues beyond the institutional framework. The studies of the coming years have the challenge of combining these variables as well as broadening methodological and theoretical models.
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