Mokslo raidoje vyksta metodologiniai pokyčiai, kuriuos atitinka tyrimo lygmenys. Kiekvienas tyrimo Iygmuo gali būti apibūdintas pažymint tyrimo objektą ir jo vertinimo kriterijų, o šis genetikoje yra ...požymis. Genetikos raidoje galima išskirti penkis metodologinius tyrimo lygmenis: organizmas - požymis; ląstelė - požymis; chromosoma - požymis; DNR molekulė - požymis; nukleotidų seka - funkcija. Naujojo tyrimo lygmens metodologiniai bruožai yra genomika (DNR mikrogardelės) ir proteomai. Genomikų esmė yra DNR-DNR arba DNR-mRNR hibridinimas; tūkstančiai molekulių iš paskirų genų arba viso genomo genų gali būti ištirti vienu metu. Proteomų esmė yra baltymų dvikryptė elektroforezė, vienu metu tiriant tūkstančius baltymų ir naudojant labai mažą mišinio kiekį. Darbas atliekamas ir rezultatai įvertinami pasitelkiant robotus ir kompiuterius. DNR mikrogardelės ir proteomai, taip pat duomenų įvertinimas rodo prasidedantį naująjį metodologinj lygmenį: veikiantis genomas - visuminis požymis.
This book provides a novel, inquiry-based approach to the understanding and interpretation of the practical, medical, physiological, and societal aspects of personal genomic information. The material ...is presented in two parts: the first provides readers of all backgrounds with a fundamental understanding of the biology of human genomes, information on how to obtain and understand digital representations of personal genomic data, tools and techniques for exploring the personal genomics of ancestry and genealogy, discovery and interpretation of genetic trait associations, and the role of personal genomics in drug response. The second part offers more advanced readers an understanding of the science, tools, and techniques for investigating interactions between a personal genome and the environment, connecting DNA to physiology, and assessing rare variants and structural variation.
A genomika valódi eszköz a biomassza-alapú energiák innovatív kutatása területén, egyes részterületei (metagenomika, transzkriptomika) ténylegesen alkalmazhatók a biomassza-alapanyag optimalizálása ...során, illetve a biomassza-konverzió hatékonyságának javításában, ezáltal a megújuló energiatípusok előállítási költségeinek csökkentésében. --- Genomics is a useful tool in innovative research into biomass energy. Certain fields of genomics (metagenomics, transcriptomics) have a practical application in biomass optimisation and in improving the efficiency of biomass, and can thus help reduce the costs of renewable energy production.
Providing genome-informed personalized treatment is a goal of modern medicine. Identifying new translational targets in nucleic acid characterizations is an important step toward that goal. The ...information tsunami produced by such genome-scale investigations is stimulating parallel developments in statistical methodology and inference, analytical frameworks, and computational tools. Within the context of genomic medicine and with a strong focus on cancer research, this book describes the integration of high-throughput bioinformatics data from multiple platforms to inform our understanding of the functional consequences of genomic alterations. This includes rigorous and scalable methods for simultaneously handling diverse data types such as gene expression array, miRNA, copy number, methylation, and next-generation sequencing data. This material is written for statisticians who are interested in modeling and analyzing high-throughput data. Chapters by experts in the field offer a thorough introduction to the biological and technical principles behind multiplatform high-throughput experimentation.
Porast debelosti v moderni družbi je povezan z večjo pojavnostjo z debelostjo povezanih bolezni in predstavlja veliko finančno breme za javno zdravstvo. Pomembno odkritje na področju mikrobiologije ...prebavnega trakta sesalcev je povezano z vlogo prebavne mikrobiote pri razvoju debelosti. Z novimi molekularnimi metodami in poskusi z gnotobiotskimi živalmi so do neke mere pojasnili udeležbo prebavne mikrobiote pri uravnavanju telesne mase in energijskega ravnovesja gostitelja. Prebavna mikrobiota vpliva na vnos hranil in porabo energije iz hrane in pospešuje shranjevanje le-te v maščobna tkiva s procesi fermentacije, olajšane absorpcije in tudi z vplivom na izražanje gostiteljevih genov (protein Fiaf) ter na aktivnost gostiteljevih encimov (proteinska kinaza AMPK). Pri debelih miših in ljudeh je prebavna mikrobiota dokazano bolj učinkovita pri izkoriščanju energije iz hrane kot pri suhih. osebkih. Obstajajo značilne razlike v sestavi mikrobne združbe glede na debel oz. suh fenotip. V prebavilih debelih živali in ljudi se dosledno kaže povišan delež predstavnikov bakterij iz debla Firmicutes na račun zmanjšanja predstavnikov debla Bacteroidetes, obe prevladujoči debli pa v prebavilih sesalcev skupaj predstavljata do 90 % vseh bakterij. Izkazalo se je, da je prebavna mikrobiota udeležena tudi pri patofiziologiji debelosti preko dejavnikov, kot je mikrobni LPS. Rezultati raziskav kažejo, da lahko spremembe deleža maščob v hrani vplivajo na sestavo mikrobne združbe ter da te spremembe vplivajo na pojavnost metabolnih bolezni. Odpira se novo področje manipulacije prebavne mikrobiote za zdravljenje debelosti in z njo povezanih bolezni.
The increased prevalence of obesity in modern society is associated with incidence of obesity related diseases and represents a financial burden on public health. Important discovery in the field of microbial ecology of the gut was the possible involvement of the gut microbiota in obesity development. Using new molecular techniques and gnotobiotic animal models has revealed the relation between the regulation of body mass and energy balance of the host with the microbial community of the gut. Gut microbiota affects nutrient intake, facilitate the extraction of energy from food and promote storage of the calories in host adipose tissue through processes of fermentation, absorption and through the effect on the expression of host genes (e.g. Fiaf) and the activity of host enzymes (e.g. AMPK). In obese mice and humans the gut microbiota is clearly able to obtain energy from food more effectively as in the lean subjects. There are significant differences in the composition of microbial communities in relation to fat vs. lean phenotype. In the gut of obese animals and humans the increased proportion of the Firmicutes at the expense on Bacteroidetes was consistently detected. Both are the dominant bacterial groups in mammalian gastrointestinal tract, accounting together for 90% of all bacteria. It has been shown that gut microbiota is involved also in patophysiology of obesity through factors such as microbial LPS. Existing results show that high fat diet can affect the composition of microbial community in the gut and that these changes can further affect the incidence of metabolic disease. This evidence potentially opens a new field of manipulation of the gut microbiota as a new strategy to treat obesity and related diseases.
Advances in chemistry, biology and genomics coupled with laboratory automation and computational technologies have led to the rapid emergence of the multidisciplinary field of chemical genomics. This ...edited text, with contributions from experts in the field, discusses the new techniques and applications that help further the study of chemical genomics. The beginning chapters provide an overview of the basic principles of chemical biology and chemical genomics. This is followed by a technical section that describes the sources of small-molecule chemicals; the basics of high-throughput screening technologies; and various bioassays for biochemical-, cellular- and organism-based screens. The final chapters connect the chemical genomics field with personalized medicine and the druggable genome for future discovery of new therapeutics. This book will be valuable to researchers, professionals and graduate students in many fields, including biology, biomedicine and chemistry.
The RECOMB Satellite Workshop on Comparative Genomics (RECOMB-CG) is a forum on all aspects and components of Comparative Genomics ranging from new quantitative discoveries about genome structures ...and processes to theorems on the complexity of computational problems inspired by genome comparison. Due to the interdiciplinary nature of the workshop, papers could be submitted merely for presentation at the workshop or for presentation at the workshop and publication in the proceedings. Speakers presenting papers of the former category are listed under Selected Presentations below. The workshop was a great success scienti?cally as well as socially. I want to thank all participants, the members of the program committee as well as referees and, especially, the excellent invited speakers. October 2004 Jens Lagergren Invited Speakers Mathieu Blanchette (McGill University, Canada) Daniela Delneri (University of Manchester, UK) Henrik Kaessmann (Universit´ e de Lausanne, Switzerland) Martin Lercher (University of Bath, UK) Bill Martin (Heinrich-Heine Universit¨ at, Germany) Ben Raphael (UCSD, USA) Marie-France Sagot (Universit´ e Lyon I, France) Graziano Pesole (University of Milan, Italy) Selected Presentations Ali Bashir (UCSD, USA) Inna Dubchak (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA) Dannie Durand (Carnegie Mellon University, USA) Ron Y.
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