The total variation (TV) regularization has been widely used in various applications related to hyperspectral (HS) signal and image processing due to its potential in modeling the underlying ...smoothness of HS data. However, most existing TV norms usually tend to generate spatial oversmoothing or artifacts. To this end, we propose a novel <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">l_{0} </tex-math></inline-formula>-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">l_{1} </tex-math></inline-formula> hybrid TV (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">l_{0} </tex-math></inline-formula>-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">l_{1} </tex-math></inline-formula>HTV) regularization with the applications to HS mixed noise removal and compressed sensing (CS). More specifically, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">l_{0} </tex-math></inline-formula>-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">l_{1} </tex-math></inline-formula>HTV can be regarded as a globally and locally integrated TV regularizer, where the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">l_{0} </tex-math></inline-formula> gradient constraint is incorporate into the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">l_{1} </tex-math></inline-formula> spatial-spectral TV (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">l_{1} </tex-math></inline-formula>-SSTV). <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">l_{1} </tex-math></inline-formula>-SSTV is capable of exploiting the local structure information across both spatial and spectral domains, while the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">l_{0} </tex-math></inline-formula> gradient can promote a globally spectral-spatial smoothness by directly controlling the number of nonzero gradients of HS images. This efficient combination considers more comprehensive prior knowledge of HS images, yielding sharper edge preservation and resolving the above drawbacks of existing pure TV norms. More significantly, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">l_{0} </tex-math></inline-formula>-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">l_{1} </tex-math></inline-formula>HTV can be easily injected into HS-related processing models, and an effective algorithm based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is developed to solve the optimization problems. Extensive experiments conducted on several HS data sets substantiate the superiority and effectiveness of the proposed method in comparison with many state-of-the-art methods.
The attempt of a new general adaptive meshless method in simulating singular spontaneous potential logging problems is discussed in this paper. This method was first proposed and designed by our ...team, and it is named adaptive overall shape parameter ' c ' radial base point interpolation method (OC-RPIM). A new model error evaluation method using twin matrices is proposed and used in the OC-RPIM local matrix construction. Based on this error evaluation index, the architecture of the adaptive c algorithm is implemented. This method has excellent stability and accuracy without modifying the discrete point configuration and polynomial order. Furthermore, it is easier to deal with problems that have singularities. This study discusses the versatility and superiority of the architecture when the OC-RPIM algorithm is applied to SP simulation problems. The characteristic rules of c of the SP simulation curve under different formation conditions are analyzed. This method provides a new perspective on adaptive solving algorithms in computational geodetic electromagnetics (Geo-EM). The OC-RPIM code used for this study is already open source.
A novel integrated multipurpose power electronics interface (IMPEI) for the new generation of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) is proposed in this paper. ...The IMPEI is a reconfigurable power electronics interface (PEI) that integrates the onboard charger with the drive inverter allowing the same interface to be used for various modes of operation such as propulsion and regenerative braking as well as vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and grid-to-vehicle (G2V) operations with grid flexibility. For each mode of operation, the IMPEI is reconfigured into a previously existing power converter topology. The principles of operation and coordination of various modes of operation of the IMPEI are explained in this paper. Based on component count, operating modes, and control complexity, a comparison of the IMPEI and recently proposed integrated PEIs (IPEIs) is provided. Specifications of BMW i3 are used as the benchmark for comparing size, cost, and efficiency. This paper discusses and validates experimental results.
The security architecture and procedure for 5G systems (TS 33.501) is based on the 3rd Generation Partner Project (3GPP) security specification draft that is released in 2018. Since its debut, the ...security violations in the 5G security protocol have been intensively studied and discussed. Based on the 5G security protocol, this paper illustrates a new tracking-attack scenario that feasibly makes subscribers suffer in a breakdown of personal privacy. Specifically, it is shown in this paper that patterns of personal behavior are leaked without any awareness during the synchronization procedures in the 5G protocol. An in-depth analysis of the privacy violations is presented in this paper and potential countermeasures for protecting the sensitive information of genuine subscribers are given. A lemma model based on the TAMARIN Prover is illustrated to analyze the privacy vulnerabilities in the depicted attack scenario. Furthermore, a practical experiment based on the srsLTE framework is setup to demonstrate how the privacy information of genuine subscribers are violated based on the scenario that is reported in this paper.
Salt stress and phyto-biochemical responses of plants - a review Parvaiz, A.,Indian Inst. of Technology, New Delhi (India). Biochemistry Lab. CRDT; Satyawati, S.,Indian Inst. of Technology, New Delhi (India). Biochemistry Lab. CRDT
Plant, soil and environment,
03/2008, Volume:
54, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The ability of plants to tolerate salts is determined by multiple biochemical pathways that facilitate retention and/or acquisition of water, protect chloroplast functions and maintain ion ...homeostasis. Essential pathways include those that lead to synthesis of osmotically active metabolites, specific proteins and certain free radical enzymes to control ion and water flux and support scavenging of oxygen radicals. No well-defined indicators are available to facilitate the improvement in salinity tolerance of agricultural crops through breeding. If the crop shows distinctive indicators of salt tolerance at the whole plant, tissue or cellular level, selection is the most convenient and practical method. There is therefore a need to determine the underlying biochemical mechanisms of salinity tolerance so as to provide plant breeders with appropriate indicators. In this review, the possibility of using these biochemical characteristics as selection criteria for salt tolerance is discussed.
This paper proposes a novel six-phase permanent magnet (PM) motor drive with both phase- and parallel-redundancies for the highest-level of a fault-tolerant operation. The proposed motor drive can ...continuously operate without any increased ripple torque up to four arbitrary phase open-circuit failures except for a single unique case where two remaining phases are 180° apart. The proposed drive topology consists of three modular two-phase inverters, which provide individual phase current controllability for phase redundancy in case of phase-leg open-circuit failures. Each two-phase inverter module can also independently produce constant instantaneous output torque for parallel redundancy in case of inverter module failures. This paper also introduces a novel phase current injection scheme for two-phase inverter operation with reduced neutral current for high drive system efficiency. The proposed scheme overcomes one of the main drawbacks of the conventional two-phase inverter, which is 40% higher amplitude of neutral current than that of phase current. The design and operating principle of the proposed six-phase PM motor drive are introduced, and the improved fault-tolerant operation capability is verified with simulation. A 3 kW lab-scale prototype is designed and the ripple-free fault-tolerant operation with up to four out of six-phase open-circuit faults is demonstrated.
In this paper, Au/Ag-doped ZnO/polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)/n-Si metal-polymer-semiconductor (MPS) Schottky Barrier Diodes (SBDs) were fabricated. The structural properties of the Ag-doped ZnO/PVP ...nanocomposites have been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses. The XRD pattern indicated that the samples have high purity ZnO and Ag materials and have not observed other peaks. The mean crystallite size of nanoparticles was calculated using Debye-Scherer's equation and the measured sizes reveal clearly the formation of small nanocrystals. The SEM and EDX results show the sheetlike ZnO nanostructures and also confirm the presence of Zn, O, and Ag materials with the nonstoichiometric ratio. The values of ideality factor (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{n} </tex-math></inline-formula>), zero-bias barrier height (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\Phi _{B0} </tex-math></inline-formula>), and series resistance (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{R}_{S} </tex-math></inline-formula>) of the MPS-type SBD were obtained from both the thermionic emission (TE) and Cheung function and the observed some discrepancy between them was due to the voltage-dependent of these parameters and the nature of the calculation method. The value of surface states (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{N}_{\text {ss}} </tex-math></inline-formula>) was changed from <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{2.2} \times {10}^{13} </tex-math></inline-formula> eV −1 cm −2 at (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{E} _{c} - {0.44} </tex-math></inline-formula>) eV to <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{8.19} \times {10}^{12} </tex-math></inline-formula> eV −1 cm −2 at (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{E} _{c} - {0.69} </tex-math></inline-formula>) eV and these values are more suitable for the MPS-type SBD. The values of doping-donor atoms (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{N} _{D} </tex-math></inline-formula>), depletion layer width (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{W}_{D} </tex-math></inline-formula>), and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\Phi _{B} </tex-math></inline-formula> capacitance-voltage (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{C} </tex-math></inline-formula>-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{V} </tex-math></inline-formula>) were obtained from the reverse bias <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{C} ^{-{2}} </tex-math></inline-formula>-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{V} </tex-math></inline-formula> plot as a function of frequency. While the value of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{N} _{D} </tex-math></inline-formula> decreases with increasing frequency, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{W}_{D} </tex-math></inline-formula> increases almost as exponentially. However, there is a good relationship between <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\Phi _{B} </tex-math></inline-formula> (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{C} </tex-math></inline-formula>-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{V} </tex-math></inline-formula>) and ln(<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{f} </tex-math></inline-formula>).
Yager's <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">q</tex-math></inline-formula>-rung orthopair fuzzy set (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">q</tex-math></inline-formula>-ROFS) is a powerful ...tool to handle uncertainty and vagueness in real life. It expands the spatial scope of membership and nonmembership, and therefore has a wider range of constraints and stronger modeling capabilities. However, to date, there is no investigation for <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">q</tex-math></inline-formula>-rung orthopair fuzzy derivatives and differentials, which are very important for further developing <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">q</tex-math></inline-formula>-rung orthopair fuzzy calculus (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">q</tex-math></inline-formula>-ROFC). The basic elements of a <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">q</tex-math></inline-formula>-ROFS are <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">q</tex-math></inline-formula>-rung orthopair fuzzy numbers (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">q</tex-math></inline-formula>-ROFNs), based on which we propose the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">q</tex-math></inline-formula>-rung orthopair fuzzy functions (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">q</tex-math></inline-formula>-ROFFs) and discuss their continuities in detail. Subsequently, we study the derivative of the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">q</tex-math></inline-formula>-ROFF, which reveals an accurate description on rate of change for continuous <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">q</tex-math></inline-formula>-ROFF. Next, the differential operation of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">q</tex-math></inline-formula>-ROFF is established; thereby providing an effective approximation on nonlinear problem in the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">q</tex-math></inline-formula>-ROFF environment. Finally, we present numerical examples as explicit applications of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">q</tex-math></inline-formula>-ROFC.
Grid connected inverter controllers require the magnitude and phase of the point of common coupling voltage for the generation of unit vectors from a phase locked loop. However, weak grid conditions ...or grid voltage sensor failures might substantially increase control difficulty in the inverter due to unknown grid impedance which causes instability in the phase locked loop. In this paper, an internal model based grid voltage estimation architecture has been presented. The proposed control architecture relies on the current measurements along with nominal values of filter parameters for the point of common coupling voltage estimation and unit vector generation. Detailed stiffness and robustness analyses are presented to show that the proposed control and estimation architecture is nearly insensitive to parameter variations. In comparison to conventional current control with both voltage and current sensors, the proposed current control scheme provides better transient response during both ideal and non-ideal grid voltage conditions. Experimental results on a reduced scale laboratory prototype validate the efficacy of the proposed architecture.
In situ <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\textit{I}</tex-math> </inline-formula> <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">-</tex-math> </inline-formula> <inline-formula> <tex-math ...notation="LaTeX">\textit{V}</tex-math> </inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\textit{C}\!\!-\!\!\textit{V}</tex-math> </inline-formula> measurements were performed during the 120 MeV Au<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">^{9+}</tex-math> </inline-formula> ion irradiation on the Pt/Al<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">_{\text{2}}</tex-math> </inline-formula>O<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">_{\text{3}}</tex-math> </inline-formula>/<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\beta </tex-math> </inline-formula>-Ga<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">_{\text{2}}</tex-math> </inline-formula>O<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">_{\text{3}}</tex-math> </inline-formula>, metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors (MOSCAPs), to comprehend the swift heavy ion (SHI)-induced effects at the interface and in the device performance. At a maximum fluence of 2 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\times</tex-math> </inline-formula> 10<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">^{\text{12}}</tex-math> </inline-formula> ions/cm<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">^{\text{2}}</tex-math> </inline-formula>, the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\textit{I}-\!\textit{V}</tex-math> </inline-formula> data showed a rise in the reverse leakage current by four orders of magnitude compared to the pristine device. The trap level (below the conduction band of Al<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">_{\text{2}}</tex-math> </inline-formula>O<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">_{\text{3}}\text{)}</tex-math> </inline-formula> from Poole-Frenkel emission exhibits a variation from <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\sim</tex-math> </inline-formula>1.1 to 0.91 eV. The conduction band offset <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{\text{(}\phi }_{\textit{B}}\text{) }</tex-math> </inline-formula> of Al<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">_{\text{2}}</tex-math> </inline-formula>O<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">_{\text{3}}</tex-math> </inline-formula>/<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\beta </tex-math> </inline-formula>-Ga<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">_{\text{2}}</tex-math> </inline-formula>O<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">_{\text{3}}</tex-math> </inline-formula> changes from 1.48 to 1.25 eV as estimated under the Fowler-Nordheim tunneling mechanism. In situ <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\textit{C}\!\!-\!\!\textit{V}</tex-math> </inline-formula> measurements show a significant shift in the flat band voltages and increased oxide in the border and interface due to charge trapping. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements of Al 2p and O 1s core levels revealed the pre-existing oxygen defects in Al<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">_{\text{2}}</tex-math> </inline-formula>O<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">_{\text{3}}</tex-math> </inline-formula>, which increase with fluence. The deconvoluted peaks of Al 2p at 74.6 eV designated to Al-sub oxide and the O 1s peak variation in the FWHM signifies the increase in the O defects. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) measurements on the irradiated device (at 2 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\times</tex-math> </inline-formula> 10<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">^{\text{12}}</tex-math> </inline-formula> ions/cm<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">^{\text{2}}\text{)}</tex-math> </inline-formula> revealed a modulated interface of Al<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">_{\text{2}}</tex-math> </inline-formula>O<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">_{\text{3}}</tex-math> </inline-formula>/<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\beta </tex-math> </inline-formula>-Ga<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">_{\text{2}}</tex-math> </inline-formula>O<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">_{\text{3}}</tex-math> </inline-formula> and the formation of an interlayer of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\sim</tex-math> </inline-formula>4 nm Al<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">_{\textit{x}}</tex-math> </inline-formula>Ga<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">_{\textit{y}}</tex-math> </inline-formula>O<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">_{\textit{z}}</tex-math> </inline-formula>. The scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM)-based high-angle annular dark-field imaging (HAADF) energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) mapping revelation and the depth profiles of XPS data confirm the formation of an Al<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">_{\textit{x}}</tex-math> </inline-formula>Ga<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">_{\textit{y}}</tex-math> </inline-formula>O<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">_{\textit{z}}</tex-math> </inline-formula> interlayer.
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