Schizophrenia Barnett, Richard
The Lancet (British edition),
02/2018, Volume:
391, Issue:
10121
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Historians continue to disagree over whether he aimed to replace or enhance the concept of dementia praecox put forward by the German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin in 1893. For Kraepelin, dementia ...praecox-an untimely loss of mental function-was one of a group of degenerative conditions characterised by “the unusually rapid development of a lasting state of psychic weakness”. Psychoanalysts interpreted it as a failure of ego development; followers of the radical Scottish psychiatrist R D Laing pointed to familial tensions and the “schizophrenogenic mother”; and the British psychiatrist Edward Hare wondered whether the steady increase in records of schizophrenic behaviour since the early 19th century indicated a viral origin.
Este artículo apunta a contribuir al campo de los estudios hispánicos con una perspectiva única que hasta ahora ningún estudioso ha tomado en cuenta en la novela Los ríos profundos (1958), de José ...María Arguedas. Desde la psicología analítica jungiana, se analiza el proceso de individuación de Ernesto, el protagonista de la novela. Como se puede observar en la novela, el lector experimenta no solo el desarrollo físico del protagonista, sino que también se puede notar la madurez psicológica adquirida en el trascurso de la novela. La ascensión del inconsciente colectivo a la conciencia personal le permite a Ernesto su madurez mental. Esta novela revela el doloroso pero divertido viaje entre estos dos espacios de la siquis y la manera en que Ernesto los atraviesa en su travesía. Sin embargo, para poder ir del inconsciente colectivo al consciente personal y alcanzar su completa madurez psicológica, Ernesto tiene que aceptar su persona, su ego, su sombra, su ánima y su yo. Este ensayo investiga este proceso a fondo, incorporando una perspectiva literaria jungiana.Este artigo propõe contribuir para o campo dos estudos hispânicos com uma perspetiva única que até o momento nenhum estudioso trabalhou sobre o romance Los ríos profundos (1958) de José María Arguedas. A partir da psicologia analítica junguiana, analisa-se o processo de individuação de Ernesto, o protagonista do romance. Como se pode observar no romance, o leitor experimenta não só o desenvolvimento físico do protagonista, mas também a maturidade psicológica adquirida no transcurso do romance. A ascensão do inconsciente coletivo à consciência pessoal permite a Ernesto a sua maturidade mental. Este romance revela a dolorosa, porém divertida viagem entre estes dois espaços da psique e a forma como Ernesto os atravessa no seu percurso. No entanto, para passar do inconsciente coletivo ao consciente pessoal e atingir a sua plena maturidade psicológica, Ernesto tem de se confrontar com a sua persona, o seu ego, a sua sombra, a sua anima e o seu eu. Este ensaio investiga este processo em profundidade, incorporando uma perspetiva literária junguiana.
It has been found out that the appearance of characters in different literary works around the world, tend to look alike and sometimes readers confuse them by the fact that they play the same roles. ...This is because the writer paints his characters according to the shape and existing models so that his work may be taken in the depth of other existing works around the world. Thence, characters, due to this fact, in a literary work appear as intelligent, polite, courageous, coward, rich, poor, etc, and play roles of chief, thieve, killer, ambassador, minister, crowd, messenger, elder, advisor, etc, by looking like other characters found in other literary works. The understanding of characters' roles in a literary work helps the reader attribute different archetypes to them, like hero, villain, mentor, scapegoat, outcast, good mother, femme fatale, young innocent, evil mother, etc. This has been done in this paper by the fact that all the characters acting directly with Okolo, the main character of the novel under study, look like other characters in other works around the world. So, different archetypal patterns are drawn from the roles Gabriel Okara attributed to his characters. Some of his characters fit more than one archetype like Okolo and Tuere who are called scapegoats, outcasts and young innocent thanks to different situations in which they are found. To carry out the present work, the library, documentary and internet were used as main methods while the close and repetitive readings and comparison were taken as major techniques.
Amaç: Bu çalışma, auteur bir yönetmen olan Christopher Nolan’ın yazıp yönettiği filmlerinin arketipsel analizidir. Çalışma kapsamında Nolan filmleri Jungcu bir bakış açısı ile arketipler bağlamında ...incelenecektir. Nolan’ın filmlerindeki ortak olan Zaman, Baba, Adalet, Âşık, Masum, Tanrı ve Yaşlı Bilge arketipleriyle yönetmenin filmlerinin evrensel ana hatlarının yorumlanması hedeflenmektedir. Bu doğrultuda bu çalışmanın yapılmasındaki amaç Christopher Nolan sinemasındaki ortak arketiplerin ortaya çıkarılmasıdır.
Yaklaşım: İsviçreli bir psikolog olan ve psikolojinin ayrı bir bilim dalı olmasını sağlayan üç isimden (Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler) birisi olan Carl Gustav Jung’un arketipler kuramına göre, tüm insanların zihinlerinde paylaştıkları ortak bir bilinçdışı vardır ve arketipler de insan zihninde bulunan bu kolektif bilinçdışı alanın yapısını meydana getirirler. Arketiplerin özü, biçimi bilinemez olsa da sahip oldukları özellikler görüntü olarak rüyalarda, mitlerde, öykülerde, efsanelerde, kitaplarda ve filmlerde ortaya çıkarlar. En yaygın görülen arketiplerse kahraman ve gölge arketipleridir. Bu iki arketip hikayelerde kendilerini ana karakter ve kötü karakter olarak gösterirler. Ancak, Aristocu klasik anlatının da temelini oluşturan bu mevcudiyetin Nolan filmleri için geçerli olmadığı bu çalışma kapsamında varsayılmaktadır. Bunun sonucunda da küresel ölçekte farklı kültür ve toplumlarda karşılık ve beğeni bulan Nolan filmlerinin evrensel yönlerinin neler olduğu sorusu meydana çıkmıştır. Söz konusu soru da bu çalışmanın eksenini oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmanın yöntemi, Psikolog Carl Gustav Jung’un Analitik Psikoloji’si çatısı altında bulunan, Arketipsel Analizdir.
Bulgular: Çalışma sonucunda Christopher Nolan sinemasındaki ortak arketiplerin Zaman, Baba, Adalet, Âşık, Masum, Tanrı ve Yaşlı Bilge arketipleri oldukları ortaya çıkmıştır.
Özgünlük: Çalışmanın yönetmen sinemasının okuma ve analizine farklı bir perspektif kazandıracağı düşünülmektedir
Purpose: This study is an Archetypal Analysis of the films written and directed by an auteur director Christopher Nolan. Within the scope of the study, Nolan films will be examined in the context of archetypes with a Jungian perspective. It is aimed to interpret the universal outlines of the director's films with the archetypes of Time, Father, Justice, Lover, Innocent, God and Elderly Wise archetypes, which are the common in Nolan’s films. In this study method is Archetypal Analysis under the umbrella of Psychologist Carl Gustav Jung's Analytical PsychologyThe study's purpose is to reveal the archetypes in the cinema of Christopher Nolan.
Approach: According to the archetypes theory of Carl Gustav Jung, a Swiss psychologist and one of the three names (Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler) that made psychology a separate discipline, all people have a common unconscious in their minds, and archetypes form the structure of this collective unconscious field in the human mind. Although the essence and form of archetypes are unknown, their features appear as images in dreams, myths, stories, legends, books and movies. The most common archetypes are the hero and shadow archetypes. These two archetypes show themselves as main characters and villains in the stories. However, it was seen that this structure, which also forms the basis of the Aristotelian classical narrative, is not the case for Nolan’s films. As a result of this, the question of what are the universal aspects of Nolan's films, which have been met and appreciated in different cultures and societies on a global scale, has emerged. Thus, this question necessitated this study.
Findings: As a result of the study, it was revealed that the archetypes in Christopher Nolan's cinema are Time, Father, Justice, Lover, Innocent, God and Elderly Wise archetypes.
Originality: It is thought that the study will bring a new approach to the reading and analysis of director films.
Biography Richard Sullivan, 48, is professor of cancer and global health at King's College, London, where he combines his interests in national and global cancer policy with wider studies of ...healthcare systems, particularly in areas of conflict. For nearly a decade he was clinical director of Cancer Research UK, and he worked at the London School of Economics before moving to King's in 2011. In technology I'm excited about the possibilities of augmented/virtual reality, especially in surgery, for blended learning in medicine, to compress and widen capability, build capacity where we're desperately short, and help improve care.
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