U radu se istražuje usmena književnost Bistre, opisuju se vrste i oblici koji se pojavljuju, kao i teme i motivi koji prevladavaju u kazivanjima prema dostupnim izvorima. Istraživanje je pokazalo da ...se usmena književnost bistranskoga kraja ponajviše temelji na usmenoj lirici, folklornom kazalištu i usmenoj predaji što su tijekom terenskoga istraživanja 1970-ih godina zabilježili istraživači Instituta za etnologiju i folkloristiku (tada: Institut za narodnu umjetnost). Komparativna je analiza pokazala da se pojedine teme i motivi u zapisanim pjesmama iz drugih krajeva pojavljuju u bistranskim inačicama usmene lirike. U istraživanjima folklornoga kazališta zabilježene su dramske scene mahom vezane uz vjerske blagdane, pokladne maškare i svadbene običaje, dok su u usmenoj predaji zabilježeni zapisi o Seljačkoj buni, kmetovima i feudalcima i liku Matije Gupca. U današnje se vrijeme očuvanjem i promicanjem bistranske usmene tradicije bave članovi Kulturno-umjetničkoga društva „Bistra“, Udruga „Ekomuzej Bistra“, kao i druge bistranske udruge, mještani i istraživači.
The paper explores oral literature of Bistra, describes the types and forms that appear, as well as the themes and motifs that prevail in narrations according to available sources. The research showed that oral literature of the Bistra region is mostly based on oral lyrics, folklore theater and oral tradition, which was recorded during field research in the 1970s by researchers at the Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Research (then: Institute of Folk Art). Comparative analysis has shown that certain themes and motifs in written poems from other regions appear in Bistran versions of oral lyrics. Within the research of folklore theater, dramatic scenes were recorded, mostly related to religious holidays, carnival masquerades and wedding customs, while oral tradition contains records of the Peasant uprising 1573, serfs and feudal lords and the figure of Matija Gubec. Nowadays, members of the Cultural and Artistic Society "Bistra", the Association "Ecomuseum Bistra", as well as other Bistra associations, locals and researchers are involved in preserving, and promoting Bistra oral tradition.
U ovome se radu prefiksima pre-, pro-, pri- i pra- pristupa kao tvorbenim jezičnim
jedinicama koje imaju značenje. Sudjeluju u stvaranju novih leksičkih
jedinica, pri čemu su prva tri prefiksa vrlo ...plodna u hrvatskome jeziku, osobito
u tvorbi glagola te nešto manje u tvorbi pridjeva i imenica. U manjoj je mjeri
plodan prefiks pra-. Razmatra se njihova distribucija u kajkavskome narječju,
na primjerima iz pojedinih govora i dijalekata. Sporadično se donose usporedbe
iz drugih dvaju hrvatskih narječja.
Hrvatski jezik ima tri narječja – štokavsko, kajkavsko
i čakavsko. Kajkavski govori, kao i svi drugi govori, dinamičan su jezični
fenomen, u trajnom su mijenjanju. U današnje vrijeme, između ostaloga ...i
utjecajem standarda, dijalektne se jezične karakteristike mijenjaju ili gube.
Ipak, kajkavski govor traje u živoj komunikaciji, djeca ga usvajaju kao prvi
jezik, a polaskom u vrtić i u školu sustavno se susreću s hrvatskim standardom.
Koliko su djeca u kajkavskom govornom prostoru svjesna posebnosti svoga
kajkavskoga govora i njegova odnosa prema standardnom hrvatskom jeziku, htjelo
se provjeriti projektnom aktivnošću u trima dječjim vrtićima u Podravini.
Projekt je način učenja povezanog sa životom te
učenja koje se temelji na postavljanju pitanja, traženju odgovora i rješavanju
problema. To je učenje u koje su sudionici integrirani cijelim svojim bićem i
daju najbolje rezultate.
U ovom je radu opisana projektna aktivnost s
temom podravskih kajkavskih govora. Projektna je aktivnosti provedena početkom
2018. godine u dječjim vrtićima u Podravini, točnije u Drnju, Goli i Ždali. U
projektnoj je aktivnosti sudjelovalo tridesetak djece iz tih triju vrtića. U
radu su predstavljeni kajkavsko narječje i govori podravskoga dijalekta, opisan
je projekt, provedena projektna aktivnost i njezin cilj, uzorak ispitanika,
instrumenti, postupak te rezultati projektne aktivnosti. Iz analize rezultata
proizlazi da se ispitanici vrtićke dobi u Drnju podjednako koriste hrvatskim
standardnim govorom kao i dijalektom, dok se u Goli pretežno koriste
dijalektom, za razliku od Ždale gdje se većina djece pretežno koristi
standardom.
The Croatian language has three dialects - the Štokavian, the Kajkavian, and the
Čakavian. All the dialects, including the Kajkavian, are a dynamic language phenomenon
undergoing constant changes. Nowadays, due to the huge influence of media and technology, dialectal language characteristics are altered or disappear altogether. However, the
Kajkavian dialect is present in everyday communication, it is learned by children as a first
language, whereas in kindergarten and school the children are systematically faced with
the Croatian standard language. In our project activity conducted in three kindergartens
in Podravina we wanted to deduct to what extent were the children from the Kajkavian
region aware of the distinctiveness of their speech and its relation to the Croatian standard
language.
The project in this case is a method of learning while being connected with everyday
life, and a learning based on questioning, searching for answers and solving problems. It is a
learning method where the participants are fully integrated, thus providing the best results.
The paper describes project activity with the main topic being the Kajkavian sub-dialect in
Podravina. The project activity was conducted at the beginning of 2018 in kindergartens in
Podravina, or, more specifically, in Drnje, Gola and Ždala, involving some thirty children. The Kajkavian dialect and the Podravina sub-dialects are described in the paper. The project
history is also presented, as well as the project activities that were carried out and the goals,
the data subject specimen, instruments applied, procedures, and project activity results. On
basis of data analysis, it was discovered that children from Drnje equally use the standard
Croatian language and the dialect, children from Gola preferably use the dialect, whereas
the Ždala children prefer the standard Croatian language.
Ivo Frangeš believed that the three most important works in Croatian literature are Judita by Marko Marulić, Smrt Smail-age Čengića by Ivan Mažuranić and Balade Petrice Kerempuha by Miroslav Krleža. ...All three works are written in verse, they belong to different literary periods, and the fact that all three dialects of the Croatian language are represented in them in their own specific way is of crucial importance. They differ in the fact that the first two – Marulić’s ‘Čakavian’ and Mažuranić’s ‘Štokavian’ – are written in the standard language, albeit based on different dialects, of the period in which they were created, while the third belongs to dialectal literature specific for Krleža’s Kajkavian idiom. After conducting a detailed analysis of Croatian dialectal literature between the two world wars, Frangeš was among the first theoreticians since Brozović who dealt with the theoretical issue of dialect in Croatian literature after the World War II in the new Yugoslavia (1970). In his Povijest he presented Kajkavian writers, both non-dialectal (those who wrote in the standard language based on the Kajkavian dialect) and dialectal. The authors he wrote about include Habdelić and Brezovački, who belonged to the period of old Kajkavian literature, and the authors who belonged to the Ozalj literary-linguistic circle – Zrinski and Frankopan. In the part of the book dedicated to Modernism he included a chapter titled Rascvat dijalektalne poezije (Flourish of dialectal poetry). In it he singles out the following Kajkavian dialectal writers: Domjanić, Galović, Miškina and Goran. Quite conspicuously, Frangeš did not include any authors of Štokavian dialectal poetry. Starting from the artistic value and the position an author occupies in Croatian literature, regardless of language and literary expression, Frangeš assigns equal importance to authors who wrote in standard languages (those based on the Štokavian dialect, as well as those based on other dialects – Čakavian and Kajkavian) and those who belong to dialectal literature. Although his evaluations of some of the dialectal authors differ from those given by other historians of literature it is important to emphasise them precisely because they speak of dialectal works.
Kajkavski hrvatski književni
jezik odlikuje se pojedinim sintaktičkim obilježjima zavisnosloženih rečenica u
cijelome razdoblju (od 16. do 19. st.) ili onima koja se razlikuju u prvim književnim
...tekstovima u odnosu na ostale tekstove do kraja razdoblja. Na temelju
najstarijih kajkavskih književnih tekstova druge polovice 16. stoljeća (I.
Pergošić, A. Vramec,
Listine hrvatske
) u
radu se analiziraju eksplicitne zavisnosložene rečenice nastale uvrštavanjem na
temelju raspodjele i značenja veznika
ar
i
jer
uzročnih rečenica. Sintaktička obilježja zavisnosloženih rečenica
uvedenih veznicima
ar
i
jer
u najstarijim izvorima kajkavskoga hrvatskog književnog jezika uspoređuju
se s potvrdama u kajkavskim književnim tekstovima do kraja razdoblja.
The Croatian Kajkavian
literary language is characterised by particular syntactic characteristics in
complex sentences that are comparable throughout the entire period from the 16th to the 19th century, or which differ between the earliest literary texts and the
remaining texts written until the end of the same period. On the basis of the
oldest late-16th century
Kajkavian literary texts (I. Pergošić, A. Vramec,
Listine hrvatske
), this paper analyses
compound predicate sentences on the basis of the structure and meaning of their
conjunctions
ar, jer
causative sentences. The syntactic characteristics of these types of
complex sentences in the oldest Croatian Kajkavian literary language sources are
compared with attestations in pre-19th century Kajkavian literary texts.
The introduction provides basic data on the genesis, distribution, and division of the Kajkavian dialect. It is thought that the closest to the factual situation on the genesis of the Kajkavian ...dialect is the opinion of Z. Junković, who believed that the Kajkavian dialect belonged to the Pannonian group of the Western South Slavic proto-language, which according to him would still include the dialects of Prlekija, the dialect of Prekmurje as well as some West Styrian dialects. The Ottoman conquests caused large migrations of the population to the north and west, and the population that later replaced it was mainly from the area of the Štokavian dialect. Of the many divisions of the Kajkavian dialect, the one by Mijo Lončarić is usually em- phasized; it divides the Kajkavian dialect into 15 dialects. The following part of the paper continues to present some of the most typical linguistic features of the Kajkavian vernaculars at the phonological, morphological, and syntactic level. Examples of minimal phono- logical pairs between different identical vowels of the o- or e-category in individual Kajkavian vernaculars are given. In some vernaculars, the opposition in quantity was lost because in these vernaculars, in order to compensate for the distinctive features that exist in vernaculars where these contradictions exist, the prosodic suprasegmental features were transformed into segmental ones. The elimination of quantity is an important link between the Kajkavian dialect and the east of the Slavic North as well as the Polish and the Lusatian language. Among the morphological features, the pronunciation of morphological categories with vowel alterna- tions in some dialects stands out. The emphasis is on the preservation of the supine, the loss of the vocative, the absence of the long plural in the A-declension, and the disappearance of the dual. In conclusion, it is said that most descriptions of Kajkavian vernaculars that are still cited in the dialec- tological literature as a synchronic fact will soon become linguistic diachrony because most respondents have signs of the vernacular erosion process cited by C. Hagège. Respondents are largely unaware of these changes and are mostly still convinced that they speak the original Kajkavian rather than an interdialect in which most of the specific characteristic features of their local dialects have been reduced. It is concluded that the Kajkavian dialect will not disappear but the specific features of individual groups and local dialects with permanently preserved “solid parts” will not be preserved.
In Croatian dialectal tradition a system for phonetic transcription with standardised symbols has largely become established. However, in Kajkavian dialectal lexicographic practice, depending on the ...circumstances (purpose of the dictionary, users, printing possibilities etc.), it is not infrequently adapted and changed. The experience of producing Kajkavian dialectal dictionaries has shown that the adopted principles are very hard to carry out consistently in the case of concrete dialects. In the paper, based on examples from published dictionaries, some of the problems that occur in transcription and interpretation of dialectal material are analysed.
U kompleksu dugovremene Krležine zaokupljenosti kajkavštinom kao jezikom i njome upisanim svjetonazorom, rad analizira mentalitetne i konstrukcijske momente (označenost lika jezikom) u oblikovanju ...trojice osebujnih kajkavaca: Jože Podravca –
Povratak Filipa Latinovicza
, 1932., Petrice Kerempuha –
Balade Petrice Kerempuha
, 1936. te Valenta Žganca –
Na rubu pameti
, 1938. Obiman raspoloživ materijal sažimamo na diskurs navedenih likova (i diskurz o njima). Likove razmatramo kao samostalne i samosvojne konstrukte, a njihovo pojavljivanje u vremenskoj sukcesiji i njihovo usložnjavanje otvara mogućnost pristupa kao varijacijama srodnog koncepta.
The paper is focused on Krleža's lengthy preoccupation with the Kajkavian dialect as part of the Croatian written culture and its worldview beliefs, and the mentality-conditioned and structural moments (definition of characters by language) are analysed: the ones that create three distinctive Kajkavians: Joža Podravec – “Povratak Filipa Latinovicza”, 1932., Petrica Kerempuh – “Balade Petrice Kerempuha”, 1936, and Valent Žganec – “Na rubu pameti”, 1938. The extensive available material is reduced to the discourse on the listed characters (and the narrative about them). They are studied as three independent and unique constructs, and their appearance in temporal succession, developing to be more and more complex, opens the possibility of approaching them as to variations of a related concept.
Gorski kotar prepoznat je u hrvatskoj dijalektološkoj literaturi već pri prvim istraživanjima kao tronarječno područje, a kao eklatantan primjer jezične raznolikosti nerijetko je istican mjesni govor ...Staroga Laza. Upravo nas je uvriježeno mišljenje o Starome Lazu kao punktu svih triju narječja nagnalo na ovo istraživanje.
Govor Staroga Laza spominjan je dosad samo u kontekstu skupine čakavskih govora u Gorskome kotaru, a rezultati su tih pojedinih istraživanja pokazali da se u sredini sela govori najviše čakavskim ikavsko-ekavskim govorom „slavičkoga tipa”, tj. primorskim poddijalektom navedena dijalekta. Taj se čakavski idiom nadovezuje na primorski krak ikavsko-ekavskih čakavskih govora od Zlobina preko Benkovca Fužinskog, Slemena, Slavice i Brestove Drage spajajući se s kontinentalnim poddijalektom ikavsko-ekavskoga dijalekta u Jablanu, Presiki i Vrbovskom. Na istočnoj strani sela, prema Ravnoj Gori, starolaški je govor kajkavski, bliži ravnogorskomu, koji pripada zapadnomu poddijalektu kajkavskoga goranskog dijalekta, a na zapadnoj je strani sela u susjedstvu štokavskih mjesta Općine Mrkopalj bliži novoštokavskomu ikavskom govoru, kakav je u Mrkoplju.
O tome je dosad malo pisano, kao i o većini goranskih čakavaca, što nas je dodatno potaknulo na ispitivanje izvornih starolaških govornika. Ovim se istraživanjem nastoji potvrditi ili opovrgnuti teza o starolaškoj tronarječnosti, tj. analizom prikupljene građe u radu se podastire suvremenija dijalektna slika toga područja.
Razvoj završnoga l općenito, a u okviru toga razvoj završnoga l u muškom rodu jednine glagolskoga pridjeva radnoga, jedna je u nizu fonoloških pojava čije izoglose presijecaju područje hrvatskoga ...jezika. Kuda te izoglose prolaze? Podudaraju li se one s tradicionalnom podjelom hrvatskoga jezika na narječja i njihove dijalekte? Nakon napravljenih analiza za štokavsko i čakavsko narječje, navedena se problematika analizira za područje kajkavskoga narječja, na temelju građe za jezične atlase (HJA, OLA), građe prikupljene u drugim istraživanjima te one objavljene u dijelu literature. Problematika se obrađuje geolingvističkom metodologijom, a rezultati analize prikazuju se na jezičnoj karti.
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