All South Slavic languages, from Bulgaria in the South-East to Slovenia in the North-West, are part of a dialect continuum. This paper outlines the position of what is traditionally called Kajkavian ...in that continuum in light of old accentual isoglosses. Kajkavian shares several old prosodic-phonological isoglosses with Slovene (such as the rise of the neocircumflex), while on the other hand it is connected with Western Štokavian and Čakavian through some morphological-categorial accentual isoglosses (like the innovative accent of the infinitive and
participle).
U ovom se radu opisuju frazemi mjesnoga govora Serdahelja te se uspoređuju s ekvivalentnim frazemima u hrvatskom standardnom jeziku. Frazemi su prikupljeni u terenskom istraživanju i dio su korpusa ...od oko 1500 frazema.1 Suvremena frazeološka istraživanja polaze od strukturne, sintaktičke i semantičke analize frazema koja se oslanja na konceptualnu analizu. U ovom će radu biti riječi o semantičko-konceptualnoj analizi frazema te o frazeološkoj motivaciji, s naglaskom na frazeme koji se značenjski odnose na čovjeka, na njegov vanjski izgled te fizičke sposobnosti.
This work includes a description of idioms of the local dialect in Serdahelj (Hungarian Mura River basin) and their comparison with the equivalents in the Croatian standard language. The corpus contains about 1500 idioms that have been collected in a field research. Modern phraseological studies are based on the structural, syntactic and semantic analysis of idioms that furthermore relies on the conceptual analysis. Therefore, this work examines the idioms on a semantic-conceptual level and discusses phraseological motivation, focusing on those idioms that refer to human physical appearance and physical capabilities.
Embedded imperatives are cross-linguistically very rare. They are attested, for instance, in modern languages such as Slovenian and High German and historical languages such as Ancient Greek and Old ...Scandinavian. In the literature, it has long been established that imperatives can also be embedded in some Kajkavian dialects of Croatian, but to date, this phenomenon has not been thoroughly analyzed. The paper deals with the material collected by field research and analyses it within the framework of Medeiros’ (2015) minimalist approach to embedded imperatives, according to which the embedding of imperatives is possible only in the languages in which imperative morphology does not depend on the directive operator. In the researched Kajkavian dialects, embedded imperatives can occur only in complement clauses, but older texts show that in the written language, embedded imperatives are also possible in relative clauses. Unlike many other languages in which imperatives may be embedded, in the researched Kajkavian dialects, embedding is relatively free. Both true and surrogate imperatives may be embedded, the subject of embedded clauses can be null and overt and does not necessarily have to co-refer to the internal argument of the matrix predicate.
Jezici koji dopuštaju
umetanje imperativa vrlo su rijetki. Ta je pojava potvrđena, primjerice, u
suvremenim jezicima poput slovenskoga i visokonjemačkoga te povijesnim jezicima
poput starogrčkoga i staroskandinavskih. U literaturi je davno utvrđeno da
imperativi mogu biti umetnuti i u nekim govorima kajkavskoga narječja hrvatskoga
jezika, ali do danas ta pojava nije podrobnije analizirana. U radu se donosi građa
prikupljena terenskim istraživanjem te se analizira u okvirima Medeirosova (2015)
minimalističkoga pristupa umetnutim imperativima, prema kojem je umetanje imperativa
moguće samo u onim jezicima u kojima imperativna morfologija nije ovisna o
direktivnome operatoru. U istraženim se kajkavskim govorima umetnuti imperativi
ostvaruju samo u dopumbenim rečenicama, no stariji tekstovi pokazuju da je u
pisanome jeziku umetanje moguće i u restriktivnim relativnim rečenicama. Za razliku
od mnogih drugih jezika u kojima se imperativi mogu umetati, u istraženim je
kajkavskim govorima umetanje relativno slobodno. Umetnuti mogu biti i pravi i zamjenski
imperativi, subjekt umetnutih rečenica može biti prazan i leksički izražen te
ne mora nužno biti koreferentan s unutarnjim argumentom korijenskoga predikata.
U literaturi se dokazanim smatra da
je u hrvatskome proces departicipijalizacije, tj. adverbijalizacije participa u
glagolske priloge završen do 17. st., iako neki od novijih radova (npr. Horvat,
...Štebih Golub 2016.) te tvrdnje dovode u pitanje. Kako sve poznate gramatike
kajkavskoga književnog jezika prikazuju participe, u ovome se radu nastoji
odgovoriti na pitanje jesu li participi zaista postojali u književnoj
kajkavštini iz vremena nastanka slovnica ili ih kajkavski gramatičari kao i
neke druge kategorije (član, preterit, konjunktiv) opisuju tek pod utjecajem
egzogenih modela gramatičkog opisa, ili pod utjecajem jezične tradicije (jer se
particip rabio u ranijim razdobljima književne kajkavštine). Istraživanje je
provedeno na dvjema kajkavskim slovnicama, Matijevićevoj Horvackoj gramatici iz 1810. i Kristijanovićevoj Grammatik
der kroatischen Mundart iz 1837. i na
odabranim tekstovima dvojice gramatičara (Matijevićevu Rastolnačenju
evangelijumov (1796.), Rastolnačenjima
zvrhu Velikoga katekižmuša III. (1797.) i
Genovefi (1808.) te Kristijanovićevim
Blagorečjima (1830.), Ezopuševim
basnama pohorvačenim (1843.). Danici
zagrebečkoj (1845.) i tekstovima iz
njegova aneksnoga rječnika Anhang zur Grammatik der kroatischen Mundart (1940.) Opis participa u dvjema gramatikama
uspoređuje se s uporabom u tekstovima kako bi se utvrdilo koriste li kajkavski
autori participe koje opisuju u gramatikama i u svojim tekstovima i, ako ih
rabe, u kojim sintaktičkim funkcijama.
The process of participles losing their adjectival
characteristics in Croatian, i.e. of adverbialization of participles into
deverbal adverbials, is commonly accepted in the literature, although there are
more recent contributions (e.g. Horvat, Štebih Golub 2016) that question these
claims. Since participles are dealt with in all known grammars of the
Kajkavian
literary language
, the aim of this paper is to determine whether the
participles were really in use in the literary Kajkavian language of the same
period when the grammars were written or whether the Kajkavian grammarians deal
with them, as they do with some other categories (article, preterit,
subjunctive), under the influence of exogenous models of grammatical
description. Two Kajkavian grammars were the focus of our study:
Matijević’s
Horvacka gramatika
(1810) and Kristijanović’s
Grammatik
der kroatischen Mundart
(1837) as well as selected works by the same
authors: Matijević’s
Rastolnačenje evangelijumov
(1796),
Rastolnačenja
zvrhu Velikoga katekižmuša III.
(1797), and
Genovefa
(1808), and
Kristijanović’s
Blagorečja
(1830),
Ezopuševe basne pohrvačene
(1843), and
Danica zagrebečka
(1845). The description of participles in
the two grammars is compared with the use of participles in the texts in order
to determine whether the Kajkavian authors use participles described in their
grammars in their texts, and if they do, in which syntactic roles. The analysis of grammars shows that in their grammars both
authors treat participles as an established category of the Kajkavian literary
language. While Kristijanović explicitly describes their dual nature already in
the definitions, Matijević does not mention it explicitly, but the fact that he
is aware of it can be seen in the way he describes it. Both authors share the
understanding that participles are reduced dependent clauses.
The analysis of the use of the active participles of
present and preterit on the corpus of selected texts by the previously
mentioned authors has shown that they both use both participles, although their
frequency and functions differ significantly. Active present participle has
been found in attributive, predicative and secondary predicative function. Nominalized
it occurs in other syntactic functions (subject, direct and indirect object,
nominal attribute) as well, while the active preterit participle has been found
as a secondary predicate in marked stylistic use.
The most frequent use of participle is attributive and
that is in accordance with the results of previous research. Although the
frequent use of active present participle in the attributive function -
especially in translations - is without any doubt the result of the influence
of (German and Latin) originals, since it has been attested in Kajkavian texts
that date up to the 19th century that were not translations and were
aimed at a wider audience, such as popular scientific literature and calendars,
we believe that it is a feature of the literary Kajkavian language.
Other syntactic functions of participles (nominalized
participle, predicative, secondary predicative) are much rarer and are found in
deliberately archaized texts written in a more formal style.
All the detected syntactic functions of
participle have been present since the Old Church Slavonic, and have also been
attested in the other two Croatian literary languages, which testifies to the
incorporation of the Kajkavian literary language into the common Croatian
tradition and to the existence of certain syntactic constructions that might have
been the result of calquing and the influence of the originals in foreign
languages (Latin, German), but which have become trademarks of higher literary
style and certain literary genres.
Kamen po kamen palača Schubert, Bojana
Kaj,
12/2018, Volume:
51, Issue:
3-4
Journal Article
Open access
U današnjoj, prije svega standardnojezičnoj kulturi, trebamo
cijeniti svaki pokušaj da se znanstveni lingvistički fokus skrene i na stare hrvatske,
neštokavske jezike. Gotovo zaboravljen, u najtežem ...je položaju vjekovni
kajkavski književni jezik kojim se pisalo od polovice 16. do polovice 19.
stoljeća. Danas se o njem u široj javnosti malo što zna, ne spominje ga se u
obrazovnom programu, pa čak ni u kajkavskoj Hrvatskoj. Ipak, zaslugom rijetkih
istraživača, o njem se u novije vrijeme donose važne znanstvene spoznaje. Ovaj je rad zamišljen kao kritički osvrt na prijevod druge
tiskane kajkavske gramatike. Autor je gramatike Franjo Kornig, naslov glasi
Kroatische Sprachlehre, oder Anweisung für
Deutsche, die kroatische Sprache in kurzer Zeit gründlich zu erlernen, nebst
beigefügten Gesprächen und verschiedenen Übungen
(
Horvatska gramatika ili uputa Nijemcima kako da u kratkom vremenu
temeljito nauče horvatski jezik s dodanim razgovorima i različitim vježbama
),
a godina je izdanja 1795. Autorica je prijevoda kajkavologinja Barbara Štebih
Golub (2015. Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje).
Croatians, as many other European nations,
live in a standard language culture. Contemporary Croatian standard language is
based on the Štokavian organic basis. In the past, numerous works based on the
organic basis of all three Croatian dialect groups (Čakavian, Kajkavian and
Štokavian), as well as on the mixed language of Ozalj, were written and
published.
Kajkavian standard
language was used from the mid-16th century until the mid-19th
century in the north-west part of Croatia.
This language was supraregional, standardized, described in six (known) grammar
books and it was competing with Štokavian for the role of the standard language
in the1830s. After losing the battle, it has been devalued in Croatia, erased in the Croatian education
system, and repressed from the Croatian collective memory. Every effort regarding
linguistic research of non-Štokavian Croatian historical languages is more than
welcome. This paper is a
critical review of one of such efforts. Historical linguist Barbara Štebih
Golub translated 4 of 6 known old Kajkavian grammar books which were originally
written in German (1779–1837). We will focus on the translation of Franjo
Kornig's grammar book: Kroatische Sprachlehre, oder Anweisung für Deutsche, die kroatische
Sprache in kurzer Zeit gründlich zu erlernen, nebst beigefügten Gesprächen und
verschiedenen Übungen (Horvatska gramatika ili uputa Nijemcima kako
da u kratkom vremenu temeljito nauče horvatski jezik s dodanim razgovorima i
različitim vježbama), published in
1795.
U ovome se radu kontekstualizira i analizira usmenoknjiževni kajkavski rukopis koji je pod imenom Stanka Miholića godine 1877. zaprimljen u Matici hrvatskoj u Zagrebu. Riječ je o zapisima 38 lirskih ...pjesama iz križevačkoga sela Mikovca zabilježenih na kajkavskom narječju. Propitkuje se identitet zapisivača te rukopisne zbirke, a sama se rukopisna građa razvrstava tematski i sadržajno, analizira se jezik i stil lirskih pjesama, donose se pojedine osobitosti rukopisa. Zaključuje se da je rukopisna zbirka nastala u poticajnom ozračju zapisivanja usmene književnosti u 19. stoljeću, a da je predana u Maticu hrvatsku nakon Matičina poziva za prikupljanjem usmenoknjiževne građe godine 1877. diljem Hrvatske.
The Kajkavian oral literature manuscript undersigned by Stanko Miholić and received by Matica hrvatska in Zagreb in 1877 is contextualized and analysed in the paper. It is about 38 lyrical poems in the Kajkavian dialect noted down and originating from the village Mikovec in the town of Križevci area.
Questions are raised about the identity of the person who noted down the collection in the manuscript, and the manuscript matter is classified as to themes and content. The language is analysed as well as the lyrical poem style, and some characteristics of the manuscript are pointed out.
The conclusion is that the manuscript collection had been made in the inspiring atmosphere of the19th century when oral literature was widely noted down, and that it was handed over to Matica hrvatska following its invitation made in 1877 for collecting oral literature material throughout Croatia.
Iz morfologije govora Tršća Malnar, Marija
Hrvatski dijalektološki zbornik,
01/2017, Volume:
21, Issue:
21
Journal Article, Paper
Peer reviewed
Open access
U radu se prikazuju najznačajnije karakteristike morfološkoga sustava mjesnoga
govora Tršća koji pripada goranskom dijalektu kajkavskoga narječja.
Na temelju provedenoga terenskog istraživanja donose ...se morfološke osobine
i utvrđuju razlike s obzirom na tri generacije ispitanika.
Uz kratki osvrt o životu i djelu te skrbi za horvatski jezik Tomaša Mikloušića (1767. – 1833.), autor u ovome radu, s leksičkoga motrišta predočuje Mikloušićev školski priručnik Syllabus vocabulorum ...Gramaticae Emmanuelis Alvari, in croaticam linguam conversorum. Budae typis regiae Universitatis Anno M.DCCCXVII. (1817).
Kao što je iz predočenih primjera u prilogu razvidno, Mikloušić je u tom svom priručniku pretočio latinsko gramatičko nazivlje u kajkavsko nazivlje i tako obogatio kajkavski jezikoslovni korpus istog književnog jezika. Budući da je riječ o knjizi iz koje su zagrebački đaci i drugi učili latinski jezik prema tradicionalnoj Alvaresovoj gramatici, o tom je autoru, također, u ovom radu riječ. Mikloušić je sve riječi koje je našao u Syllabusu (1817.) preveo na kajkavski jezik, potvrdivši još jednom svoju prijašnju opravdanu tezu, da se kajkavski (horvatski) može dičiti plodnošću riječi, tj. bogatstvom izraza i značenja. Da je to doista tako, pokazuje ovaj rad.
The paper describes, on the basis of original field research, the phonology of the local dialect of Šimljanik, which belongs to the iekavian north Moslavian (sjevernomoslavački) kajkavian group of ...dialects. Since this is an area near the border between the kajkavian and štokavian groups of dialects, and whose original demographic structure has changed due to migration in the past, it is expected that many deviations from the typical kajkavian systems will be found. We will try to see whether (and in which way) the štokavian elements have influenced the vowel, consonant and the accentuation systems.
The Paper analyzes the Kajkavian dialect in Fran Galović’s literary works: the unfinished Kajkavian collection of poems Z mojih bregov (1914), the unfinished novel Rastanak (1914), and the unfinished ...play Sodoma (1911). In these works the author uses, in various ways, the urban Zagrebian Kajkavian dialect and the local Kajkavian dialect of Peteranec. The paper also includes an overview of the general literary tendencies of the literary movement in which Galović took part and which is called ‘Moderna’. The authors also deal with some of the most important editions of Galović’s works, and they base their linguistic analysis on the manuscripts that are kept in the National and University library in Zagreb.
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