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•The linear polyphosphazene and MoSe2 hybrid (LPP-MoSe2) was constructed.•EP/LPP-MoSe2 exhibits low PHRR, THR, EHC, TSP, CO yield and CO2 yield.•LPP-MoSe2 shows synergistic flame ...retardant effect in gas-phase and condensed-phase.•LPP-MoSe2 displays significant toughening and strengthening effect on EP.
Epoxy resins (EP) are deemed as one kind of most commonly used thermosets, but immanently suffer from inflammability and brittleness. Herein, we report a newly designed hierarchical molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) nanotubes assembled from several-layered nanosheets, and then merged with linear polyphosphazene (LPP) for constructing LPP-MoSe2 hybrids. LPP-MoSe2 possesses great advantages in improving the properties of EP for their typical nanotube structure and the combination effect of transition metal, phosphorous and nitrogenous compounds. The developed EP/LPP-MoSe2 composites present obvious reduction in flammability, obtaining a high LOI value of 29% and reaching V-0 rating in UL-94 test. They also exhibit obvious reduction in the heat hazards of EP, such as peak heat release rate (39.0%) and total heat release (24.8%), as well as the toxicity hazards including total smoke production (31.3%) and the yields of CO and CO2. Gas-phase and condensed-phase mechanism are elucidated to explain the contribution of LPP-MoSe2 to the fire retardation of EP. Moreover, the addition of LPP-MoSe2 can also obviously enhance the mechanical properties of EP. The impact strength of EP is only 9 kJ/m2, while EP/LPP-MoSe2 3.0 can reach up to 14.2 kJ/m2. Based on tensile test, the well-dispersed LPP-MoSe2 also leads to significant elevation in tensile strength (74.6%) and elongation at break (100%) of EP. Our data demonstrate that LPP-MoSe2 shows impressive performance in developing high-performance EP composites, thereby broadening the practical application of EP.
Music has been used to express and communicate emotional states through its different dimensions such as tone, rhythm, melody, and harmony. Consonant harmonies consistently are rated as pleasant ...whereas dissonant are considered unpleasant. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of consonant and dissonant musical harmonies used as prime on the emotional classification of images, as indexed by event-related potentials. Thirty volunteers (ages 21–27, 50 % women) were presented with a task consisting of 4 musical intervals in the C major scale, divided into consonant and dissonant harmonies, followed by 180 positive, negative, or neutral images from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS). Participants had to rate the images as pleasant or unpleasant. We found a bias effect on negative images rated as positive when preceded by a consonant musical interval. A N200 component, non-sensible to the valence of the images, was found. On the other hand, a significant difference was found in the amplitude of the P300 component, with a greater amplitude in the consonant-positive images condition compared to the dissonant-positive images. Lastly, a late positivity component around 500–700 ms was found in both negative conditions dissonant and consonant, but with a larger amplitude for the consonant condition when followed by a negative image. These results indicate that additionally to the P300 processing the relevance of the stimulus there are processes like recognition memory involved. As part of the novelty effect this late positive activity may also be related to the emotional content integration of the relevant stimulus.
Erythema dyschromicum perstans (EDP) and Lichen planus pigmentosus (LPP) are both inflammatory disorders of pigmentation with unknown etiology and are difficult to differentiate clinically and ...histologicaly. There is no consensus on whether both entities are separate or belong to the same spectrum of cutaneous disorders. We present a 13 year old boy with mostly asymptomatic hyperpigmented lesions over body. The lesions were subsequently diagnosed as EDP after detailed examination and histopatholgical examination.
Bacterial resistance to classical antibiotics is emerging worldwide. The number of infections caused by multidrug resistant bacteria is increasing and becoming a serious threat for human health ...globally. In particular, Gram-negative pathogens including multidrug resistant
are of serious concern being resistant to the currently available antibiotics. All Gram-negative bacteria are enclosed by an outer membrane which acts as an additional protection barrier preventing the entry of toxic compounds including antibiotics and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). In this study we report that the outer membrane component lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plays a crucial role for the antimicrobial susceptibility of
BW25113 against the cationic AMPs Cap18, Cap11, Cap11-1-18m
, melittin, indolicidin, cecropin P1, cecropin B, and the polypeptide antibiotic colistin, whereas the outer membrane protease OmpT and the lipoprotein Lpp only play a minor role for the susceptibility against cationic AMPs. Increased susceptibility toward cationic AMPs was found for LPS deficient mutants of
BW25113 harboring deletions in any of the genes required for the inner part of core-oligosaccharide of the LPS,
, and
. In addition, our study demonstrates that the antimicrobial activity of Cap18, Cap11, Cap11-1-18m
, cecropin B, and cecropin P1 is not only dependent on the inner part of the core oligosaccharide, but also on the outer part and its sugar composition. Finally, we demonstrated that the antimicrobial activity of selected Cap18 derivatives harboring amino acid substitutions in the hydrophobic interface, are non-active against wild-type
ATCC29522. By deleting
, or
the antimicrobial activity of the non-active derivatives can be partially or fully restored, suggesting a very close interplay between the LPS core oligosaccharide and the specific Cap18 derivative. Summarizing, this study implicates that the nature of the outer membrane component LPS has a big impact on the antimicrobial activity of cationic AMPs against
. In particular, the inner as well as the outer part of the core oligosaccharide are important elements determining the antimicrobial susceptibility of
against cationic AMPs.
Event‐related potential studies of emotional processing have focused on the late positive potential (LPP), a sustained positive deflection in the ERP that is increased for emotionally arousing ...stimuli. A prominent theory suggests that modulation of the LPP is a response to stimulus significance, defined in terms of the activation of appetitive and aversive motivational systems. The current review incorporates experimental studies showing that manipulations that alter the significance of stimuli alter LPP amplitude. Complementing these within‐person studies, also included is individual differences research on depression wherein the LPP has been used to study reduced neural sensitivity to emotional stimuli. Finally, the current review builds an existing framework that the LPP observed in studies in emotional processing and the P300 observed in classic oddball studies may reflect a common response to stimulus significance. This integrative account has implications for the functional interpretation of these ERPs, their neurobiological mechanisms, and clinical applications.
We review the literature on the late positive potential (LPP). We use a framework proposed by Bradley, which suggests the LPP is a response to stimulus significance, to account for a broad array of experimental findings in which the amplitude of the LPP is manipulated. We integrate supporting evidence from the literatures on depression and locus coeruleus norepinephrine functioning, and suggest that the LPP and P300 may, in fact, be a common response to stimulus significance.
Lysozyme is a β-1,4-glycosidase that hydrolyzes the polysaccharide backbone of bacterial cell walls. With an additional bactericidal function mediated by a separate protein domain, lysozyme is ...considered a uniquely important antimicrobial molecule contributing to the host's innate immune response to infection. Elevated lysozyme production is found in various inflammatory conditions while patients with genetic risks for inflammatory bowel diseases demonstrate abnormal lysozyme expression, granule packaging, and secretion in Paneth cells. However, it remains unclear how a gain- or loss-of-function in host lysozyme may impact the host inflammatory responses to pathogenic infection. We challenged Lyz1−/− and ectopic Lyz1-expressing (Villin-Lyz1TG) mice with S. Typhimurium and then comprehensively assessed the inflammatory disease progression. We conducted proteomics analysis to identify molecules derived from human lysozyme-mediated processing of live Salmonella. We examined the barrier-impairing effects of these identified molecules in human intestinal epithelial cell monolayer and enteroids. Lyz1−/− mice are protected from infection in terms of morbidity, mortality, and barrier integrity, whereas Villin-Lyz1TG mice demonstrate exacerbated infection and inflammation. The growth and invasion of Salmonella in vitro are not affected by human or chicken lysozyme, whereas lysozyme encountering of live Salmonella stimulates the release of barrier-disrupting factors, InvE-sipC and Lpp1, which directly or indirectly impair the tight junctions. The direct engagement of host intestinal lysozyme with an enteric pathogen such as Salmonella promotes the release of virulence factors that are barrier-impairing and pro-inflammatory. Controlling lysozyme function may help alleviate the inflammatory progression.
The ability to focus on and increase positive emotion in response to mental imagery may play a key role in emotional wellbeing. Moreover, deficits in this ability might underlie emotional disorders ...such as depression. Here, we set out to determine whether people could use savoring to upregulate subjective and electrocortical response to mental imagery of previously viewed positive and neutral pictures, and whether this would be negatively affected by depression. On each trial, participants (N = 49) viewed a positive or neutral picture, prior to simply re-imagining the previously presented picture (“view”) or re-imagining the picture while savoring it (“savor”). Results showed that savoring increased electrocortical and subjective response to imagined stimuli; however, this effect was only evident at the electrocortical level when controlling for depression. Moreover, depression moderated electrocortical findings, such that individuals who were more depressed showed a reduced effect of savoring on neural response to mental imagery. Results are in line with recent work that has shown the benefits of positive affect treatment for depression, to suggest that deficits in savoring mental imagery may play a role in the development and/or maintenance of depression.
•Savoring of mental imagery may be essential to everyday emotion regulation.•Participants savored or simply imagined previously presented pictures during EEG.•Controlling for depression, savoring increased neural response, ratings of imagery.•Depression moderated findings, showing an association with impaired savoring.•Reduced ability to savor mental imagery may play a role in depression.
The goal of this article is to establish a methodology for ordering of single-valued neutrosophic numbers (SVN-numbers) on the basis of values and ambiguities. First of all, the idea of neutrosophic ...numbers is discussed, and (alpha, beta, gamma)-cut and arithmetic oprations definecd over SVN-numbers are examined. Thereafter corresponding to each components, the values and ambiguities are defined and using these definitions, the ratio ranking function is constructed. Then, for the stability of the ratio ranking function, some examples are provided for comparing this method with other approaches. Applying this ratio ranking function, neutrosophic linear programming problem(Neu-LPP) converts to the crisp linear programmning problems (CLP-Problems) and solved it by computational lingo method. At last, Neu-LPP is illustrated by two numerical real-life examples. Keywords: Neutrosophic number, Value and ambiguity, Ranking function, Neu-LPP, C-LPP, Computational Lingo method.
Cloud cover is a common and inevitable phenomenon that often hinders the usability of optical remote sensing (RS) image data and further interferes with continuous cartography based on RS image ...interpretation. In the literature, the off-the-shelf cloud detection methods either require various hand-crafted features or utilize data-driven features using deep networks. Overall, deep networks achieve much better performance than traditional methods using hand-crafted features. However, the current deep networks used for cloud detection depend on massive pixel-level annotation labels, which require a great deal of manual annotation labor. To reduce the labor needed for annotating the pixel-level labels, this paper proposes a weakly supervised deep learning-based cloud detection (WDCD) method using block-level labels indicating only the presence or the absence of cloud in one RS image block. In the training phase, a new global convolutional pooling (GCP) operation is proposed to enhance the ability of the feature map to represent useful information (e.g., spatial variance). In the testing phase, the trained deep networks are modified to generate the cloud activation map (CAM) via the local pooling pruning (LPP) strategy, which prunes the local pooling layers of the deep networks that are trained in the training phase to improve the quality (e.g., spatial resolution) of CAM. One large RS image is cropped into multiple overlapping blocks by a sliding window, and then the CAM of each block is generated by the modified deep networks. Based on the correspondence between the image blocks and CAMs, multiple corresponding CAMs are collected to mosaic the CAM of the large image. By segmenting the CAM using a statistical threshold against a clear-sky surface, the pixel-level cloud mask of the testing image can be obtained. To verify the effectiveness of our proposed WDCD method, we collected a new global dataset, for which the training dataset contains over 200,000 RS image blocks with block-level labels from 622 large GaoFen-1 images from all over the world; the validation dataset contains 5 large GaoFen-1 images with pixel-level annotation labels, and the testing dataset contains 25 large GaoFen-1 and ZiYuan-3 images with pixel-level annotation labels. Even under the extremely weak supervision, our proposed WDCD method could achieve excellent cloud detection performance with an overall accuracy (OA) as high as 96.66%. Extensive experiments demonstrated that our proposed WDCD method obviously outperforms the state-of-the-art methods. The collected datasets have been made publicly available online (https://github.com/weichenrs/WDCD).
•A weakly supervised deep learning framework is proposed to address cloud detection.•A novel global convolutional pooling (GCP) operation is proposed.•This paper proposes a new local pooling pruning (LPP) strategy.•A large-scale remote sensing image dataset for cloud detection is released.
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