Scholars have emphasised the role of the colonial state in explaining the development of white settler agriculture in general and the tobacco industry in particular in Southern Rhodesia (now ...Zimbabwe). Indeed, through a plethora of laws, ordinances and extra-judicial interventions, the colonial state provided both direct and indirect support, mostly to white farmers at the expense of African interests. More recently, studies have broadened this analysis by foregrounding the post-war global economic climate in seeking to understand the rapid growth of the colony's tobacco industry in the aftermath of the Second World War. However, in underestimating white farmer agency in the remarkable expansion of the Southern Rhodesian tobacco industry during this period, both strands of literature share a common shortcoming, a gap that this article hopes to fill. Drawing mainly on archival material from the National Archives of Zimbabwe, industry magazines and newspapers, the article reinserts white tobacco growers in conversations on the post-war growth of Southern Rhodesia's flue-cured Virginia tobacco industry beyond the role played by state support.
This article considers the various mechanisms by which granted patent rights, and their supporting disclosures, have been made available in local languages throughout Europe over the past several ...decades. It considers the legal background to the development of different translation requirements at different points in time, and how this has affected the burden upon the patent owner in maintaining their patent rights in force. It highlights the sources for obtaining translated documents, and how this process will change again if the EU's Regulations on granting unitary effect commence operation later this decade.
This paper analyses the consequences for the European patent system of the recently ratified London Agreement, which aims to reduce the translation requirements for patent validation procedures in 15 ...out of 34 national patent offices. The simulations suggest that the cost of patenting has been reduced by 20–30% since the enforcement of the LA. With an average translation cost saving of €3,600 per patent, the total savings for the business sector amount to about €220 millions. The fee elasticity of patents being about −0.4, one may expect an increase in patent filings of 8–12%. Despite the translation cost savings, the relative cost of a European patent validated in six (thirteen) countries is still at least five (seven) times higher than in the United States.
This paper analyses the consequences for the European Patent System (EPS) of the recently ratified London Agreement (LA), which aims to reduce the translation requirements for patent validation ...procedures in 15 out of 34 national patent offices. The simulations suggest that the cost of patenting has been reduced by 20 to 30 percent since the enforcement of the LA. With an average translation cost saving of €3,600 per patent, the total savings for the business sector amount to about €220 millions. The fee elasticity of patents being about -0.4, one may expect an increase in patent filings of eight to 12 percent. Despite the translation cost savings, the relative cost of a European patent validated in six (thirteen) counties is still at least five (seven) times higher than in the United States.
This paper analyses the consequences for the European Patent System (EPS) of the recently ratified London Agreement (LA), which aims to reduce the translation requirements for patent validation ...procedures in 15 out of 34 national patent offices. The simulations suggest that the cost of patenting has been reduced by 20 to 30 percent since the enforcement of the LA. With an average translation cost saving of €3,600 per patent, the total savings for the business sector amount to about €220 millions. The fee elasticity of patents being about -0.4, one may expect an increase in patent filings of eight to 12 percent. Despite the translation cost savings, the relative cost of a European patent validated in six (thirteen) countries is still at least five (seven) times higher than in the United States.
Yaakov Meridor did not hesitate for a second before he picked up the phone to call the Prime Minister’s Residence in late 1983. It was after midnight, but he could not resist. It had been almost four ...decades since he and Begin had served together in Etzel, and he wanted to report to his “commander” about the historical turning point—that their adversary from the days of the Resistance, Yitzhak Shamir, one of the three leaders of Lehi, had been elected to lead the Likud.
To some extent, Begin and Shamir respected each other. They began their public careers in
Cyprus at the Crossroads, 1959–63 Hatzivassiliou, Evanthis
European history quarterly,
10/2005, Volume:
35, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Cyprus became independent in 1960, after a fierce dispute between Britain, Greece and Turkey; but the island did not find a way towards normal political development. After 1960, the Cyprus Republic, ...and mainly its President, Archbishop Makarios, could follow either the long-term option of implementing the 1959 Zurich–London agreements and integrating with the West; or the short-term option of trying to acquire unlimited independence and following a non-aligned policy. From late 1962, as disagreements with the Turkish Cypriots grew, Makarios oriented himself to extensive constitutional revision, and finally proposed this unilaterally in late 1963. It was then that the second Cyprus crisis erupted.
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- The task of compiling the History of the EOKA liberation struggle is rendered difficult by manifold events, both political and ...military, interwoven over a four-year period (1955-1959). A large number of persons with varying degrees of contribution each were involved in these events. For this reason not everything can be recorded in a book addressed to the reading public at large. The reference to the individual contribution of EOKA members is, therefore, to a very large extent limited. To have attempted the opposite would have required many years of research, covering many more hundreds of pages. This book presents the main events, without reference to the names of those who participated in them, except in those cases where this was deemed necessary. The books by EOKA leader General George Grivas - Dighenis, "Memoirs of the EOKA Struggle 1955 - 1959" and "The Chronicle of the EOKA Struggle 1955-1959" provide all the relevant information in more detail. The Council for the Historical Memory of the EOKA Struggle 1955 - 1959" and many authors have published quite a few works, covering more particular aspects of the liberation struggle and the lives of EOKA heroes. This book records the development of events during the Struggle and offers a general view, without detailed descriptions. To what degree this aim has been achieved it is up to the reader to judge.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
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