A high voltage direct current (HVDC) is an efficient technology used to design and deliver a bulk amount of electricity over a long distance with negligible losses. When the time progresses ...simultaneously the load demand is also increasing, so there should be only two possibilities either to increase power generation or to minimize the losses, therefore, using HVDC can greatly reduce the power transmission losses. The cost is one of the most important factors, hence HVDC is a more suitable option for bulk power delivery as the total cost of the HVDC transmission system is very less as compared to that of a high voltage alternating current (HVAC) system transmitting the same amount of the electricity over the same distance. In this paper performance of HVDC under different load and faulty conditions is analyzed for various parameters under consideration with given constraints. Matlab Simulink is used for modeling the 12pulse HVDC transmission system. Results show that HVDC is the best option for bulk power transmission. A comparative analysis of HVDC and HVAC power transmission systems has also been done for its acceptability.
Renewable energy sources have provided a great contribution to global energy demand; However, their intermittent characteristics can cause sustainability and efficiency problems. To handle these, ...alternative systems are utilized. Among these, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) stand out with their longer lifecycle, efficient, and cost-effective features. However, their performance depends on operating conditions such as temperature, gas pressure, and membrane water content. These nonlinear features require instant and proper control for maximizing efficiency and longer working life. In this study, a whale optimization algorithm (WOA) based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller is utilized for a PEMFC system. To validate the proposed controller, the PEMFC system has been analyzed under changing conditions in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. The proposed method has been compared with the other MPPT methods. The results indicate that the proposed controller can provide accurate and fast MPPT performance, less power fluctuations, and higher production efficiency.
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•A newly-introduced optimization method is evaluated for MPPT control of a PEMFC system.•The working principle of the proposed MPPT algorithm is explained thoroughly.•The overall PEMFC system and the MPPT control are analyzed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment.•The proposed MPPT method is compared to the other conventional MPPT methods based on different criteria.
Water is an essential component of our lives. Conventional seawater desalination, based on fossil fuel energy, is primary in meeting freshwater demands. Thus, solar desalination still emerged as an ...alternative technology that employs environmentally friendly renewable energy. Here, we aim to design and simulate a novel hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV) system coupled with a single‐slope solar still unit for freshwater production. Various design techniques were utilized to fine‐tune the model towards producing 3–4.6 kg/m2 · day of distillate water, thereby calculating the design aspects such as tank size, energy, and cost. The results revealed that a conventional solar desalination system had 22% lower efficiency than the proposed novel still distillation unit assisted with a solar PV system (connected to a heating element). The maximum efficiency of 45% has been recorded at the peak solar insolation due to the combination of the solar PV system. According to our design constraints, only a 3 m2 basin area was required to achieve a productivity of Pst = 1–5 kg/day. Design analysis showed that the total capital cost of a conventional still can be significantly reduced from 2600 to 1500 $/unit with PV system integration at the specified productivity and optimal solar radiation of ~17 MJ/m2 · day at peak time (02.00 PM). This work paves the way towards maximizing solar energy utilization from PV integration with solar desalination to achieve high freshwater productivity in single‐basin solar still systems.
The mathematical model of PEMEC is established in Matlab/Simulink. Based on the charge and mass balance at the electrode surface and Butler-Volmer dynamic, a model is developed to explain the current ...and potential characteristics of electrolysis. The effects of different PTL parameters on the performance of PEMEC are studied by the model.
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•The voltage of PEMEC decreases with the increase of temperature within a certain range.•The thickness of PTL is gradually reduced from 2 mm to 0.5 mm, and the performance of PEMEC would be improved with the decrease of PTL thickness.•The decrease in porosity will increase the resistance of PTL. The effect of pore size on the performance of PEMEC is smaller than that of porosity.
Porous transport layer (PTL) is one of the most important components in proton exchange membrane electrolyzer (PEMEC). In this study, a mathematical model of PEMEC is established in MATLAB/Simulink. The effects of different PTL parameters on the performance of PEMEC were studied. The results show that the increase in PTL thickness and porosity can increase the ohmic overpotential and reduce the performance of PEMEC. As PTL pore size decrease, the performance of PEMEC improves. The influence of pore size on the performance of PEMEC is smaller than that of porosity.
This paper presents intelligent control methods to get the maximum power point (MPPT) to be a photovoltaic system that operates with high efficiency when weather conditions change as well as ...fluctuations in temperatures resulting from sunlight. The proposed method of controlling by fuzzy control techniques is applied with a Direct current to Direct current (DC-DC) converter device. The important steps of the control unit for integrated design. The photovoltaic system, which was designed by Matlab / Simulink, was implemented with simulations of autonomous water pumping techniques. Comparison of results with simulations without MPPT control. We have noticed that the system in the case of using the MPPT that was used in the fuzzy logic unit gave high efficiency for the energy production from the solar cell the crucial control unit steps for integrated design. Simulated autonomous water pumping methods were used to implement the Matlab/Simulink-designed photovoltaic system. Results comparison with simulations lacking MPPT control. We have observed that the system provided great efficiency for the energy generation from the solar cell in the event of using the MPPT that was used in the fuzzy logic unit.
This article deals with the analysis, modeling, and control of the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) for wind turbines. The DFIG wind turbine can deliver more energy to the grid. There are some ...different methods to modify the DFIG system in order to accomplish the stator reactive power proposed. One of these methods is to modify the DFIG system for nominal voltage to evaluate cost and materials-efficiency consequences. A specific control strategy is implemented according to the vector control strategy. The proportional-integral (PI) regulators used are simple and precise controllers. This type of regulation, which is closed-loop rotor currents, allows adjustment of the sliding of the DFIG. This gives a good adjustment of the powers of the stator and the rotor. The percentage error of the simulation is less than 2 %. The results obtained in these investigations show that it is possible to adjust the powers of the stator, even with a variation of the parameters. The developed method will allow achieving the maximum efficiency of the wind energy conversion chain. The objective of this article is to optimize the quality of energy generated by wind turbines by controlling the reactive stator power and reducing the losses of the energy of the reactive stator power, which must be a physically minimal value. The results will be presented in the Matlab - Simulink environment.
The goal of this paper is to model, compare and analyze the performance of multiple photovoltaic (PV) array configurations under various partial shading and faulty PV conditions. For this purpose, a ...multiple PV array configurations including series (S), parallel (P), series-parallel (SP), total-cross-tied (TCT) and bridge-linked (BL) are carried out under several partial shading conditions such as, increase or decrease in the partial shading on a row of PV modules and increase or decrease in the partial shading on a column of PV modules. Additionally, in order to test the performance of each PV configuration under faulty PV conditions, from 1 to 6 Faulty PV modules have been disconnected in each PV array configuration. Several indicators such as short circuit current (Isc), current at maximum power point (Impp), open circuit voltage (Voc), voltage at maximum power point (Vmpp), series resistance (Rs), fill factor (FF) and thermal voltage (Vte) have been used to compare the obtained results from each partial shading and PV faulty condition applied to the PV system. MATLAB/Simulink software is used to perform the simulation and the analysis for each examined PV array configuration.
•Analysis of multiple Photovoltaic (PV) array configurations such as S, P, SP, TCT and HC.•Seven Indicators including Isc, Impp, Voc, Vmpp, Rs, FF and Vte have been examined.•New mathematical calculations for estimating the series resistance is proposed.•The examined PV array configurations are modelled using MATLAB/Simulink software.
•The proposed method is simple, inexpensive and suitable for small PV systems.•The photodiodes are useful to detect partial shading and irradiance changes.•Whole-year MPPT simulations have been ...conducted to evaluate every method.•The PV model can calculate the output curves under complex shading patterns.•The proposed method overcomes the standard ones regardless the climatic conditions.
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is needed in a photovoltaic system to ensure the operation in the Maximum Power Point (MPP), maximizing the generated energy. Many MPPT techniques have been developed. Perturbation and observation, as well as incremental conductance, are by far the most widely used because of their simplicity. However, they have some weak points and problems that affect their efficiency, especially under rapid irradiance changes and partial shading. This paper proposes a novel MPPT method which can be implemented in PV (photovoltaic) inverters and charge controllers. The most innovative feature is the presence of photodiodes as irradiance sensors. Thanks to irradiance measurement, the proposed method can recognize problematic scenarios and execute specific algorithms to prevent malfunction under these situations. The MPPT method has been theoretically analyzed; efficiency results are shown in comparison with standard techniques, which verify its feasibility.
•New approach for integrating wave/PV/fuel cell hybrid energy has been presented.•A developed controller depended on the Buck-boost converter technology was used.•A dynamic modeling and control of ...wave/PV/fuel cell hybrid system have been presented.•Buck boost converter enables the ability of the integrated system to adapt any change in voltage.•The controller proved high efficiency and proved the ability to face all unexpected changes.
This paper discusses the dynamic modeling and control conducted on a novel hybrid energy system comprising a fuel cell (FC), that can be viably integrated with several renewable energy sources of different natures such as solar and wave energy, with battery banks used as backup power sources for electric power production. Furthermore, it extracts the full potential of the three sources using a novel, fast, and highly accurate controller based on buck-boost technology that concurrently controls the maximum power of the energy conversion systems utilized. The battery bank will directly feed the system when there is a problem with one of the sources. These sources have different characteristics for testing the developed controller under different conditions and developing a reliable energy system. Wave energy is currently considered to be one of the most promising renewable sources. It has seen significant recent development to increase its efficiency by incorporating new technologies, such as Savonius turbines, which had previously been used to generate wind energy. For the present study, a two-stage Savonius rotor was used in the wave generator. The simulation model of the entire hybrid power system was produced using MATLAB/Simulink and experimentally verified in a remote area under different weather conditions. The controller was successful in keeping the voltage of the hybrid system constant at 11.8 V near the desired value of 12 V, with an efficiency of 98%.
In present day, SFCLs are found increasing demand in power systems due to their advancements in recent years. SFCLs are implemented to limit the fault current during faults within the grid in power ...system. SFCL has manifested to be the most effective protection scheme in power system. Here we propose the implementation of SFCL for protection against any faults. An analysis is made for three phase Unsymmetrical faults (Namely L-G fault). To observe the influence of the SFCL in the system, analysis with and without SFCL, is implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK. With this analysis effectiveness of SFCL is identified during a fault. Resistive type SFCL is proposed here. Outcomes obtained reinforce the implementation of SFCL for protection during faults.
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