ABSTRACT
Artisanal products support the conservation of the indigenous biodiversity of food microbiomes, although they do not always comply to quality and hygienic requirements for the dairy ...industry. This study describes the development of an autochthonous starter culture to produce Matsoni, a traditional Georgian fermented milk. To this end, strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated from artisanal Matsoni samples were used to design a starter formulation reproducing the dominant microbial diversity, also preserving quality characteristics and ensuring the safety of the product. As a result, strains that represent the acidifying portion of the starter (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus) were combined in different ratios and strain combinations, together with cultures of Lactobacillus rhamnosus that were chosen for their potential beneficial traits. The strain association acting better in milk cultures at laboratory scale was selected as starter culture for the production of Matsoni in pilot-scale industrial trials.
Development of well-characterized and safe autochthonous starter culture with lactic acid bacteria isolated from traditional Georgian artisanal fermented milk product Matsoni.
Matsoni is a traditional Caucasian fermented milk product, characterised by a lactic acid bacteria (LAB) microbiota. Objectives of the present study were to isolate and identify the LAB of Matsoni ...samples collected from various Georgian areas and to study their technological characteristics. About 300 LAB from 71 samples of Matsoni were isolated and characterised. The species most representatives were Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. This study highlighted a high degree of biodiversity and a specific geographical distribution of the dominant LAB present in artisanal Matsoni. Some strains showed technological features useful to design a multistrain starter culture for Matsoni.
Two species of Chirorhynchobiidae, Chirorhynchobia glossophaga sp. n. and Chirorhynchobia matsoniYunker, 1970 are described and redescribed, respectively. The male of C. glossophaga and the ...tritonymph of C. matsoni are the first to be described in the family. The mites are ectoparasites living on the wing membrane of phyllostomid bats Glossophaga soricina (Pallas) from Peru and Anoura geoffroyi Gray from several localities. Females of the new species differ from those of C. matsoni by the shorter idiosoma (length 439–450 versus 497–562 in C. matsoni), by the dorsal position of setae 4a (terminal in C. matsoni), and by the narrower posterior projections of the propodonotal shield (width 6 versus 17). Although the morphology of Chirorhynchobiidae is strongly regressive, homologies of the leg and idiosomal setae in these mites with those of other Astigmata are established. The combination of absence of famulus and solenidia σI-II and presence of solenidia ω1I-II and ω3I in these mites is shared with the Rhyncoptidae–Sarcoptidae clade, suggesting a possible relationship with those groups.
A total of 26 samples of Matsoni were collected in Georgia. From these samples 80 strains of lactic acid cocci and 173 strains of lactobacilli were isolated. The number of lactic acid bacteria varied ...between 10E5 and 10E10 colony forming unit (CFU)/mL. All the isolated lactic acid bacteria were thermophilic bacteria that could grow at 45 deg C. The predominant lactic acid bacteria were Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii spp. bulgaricus in 25 samples of Matsoni, while Lactobacillus helveticus was also a predominant species, together with the two previous species in one sample of Matsoni. We showed there was diversity in both S. thermophilus and L. delbrueckii spp, bulgaricus at the strain level by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis.
A new decapod fauna has been recovered from Eocene rocks of San Diego County, California. Decapod faunas of Eocene age have been rare from California, although they are well described from the ...northern Pacific coast. Three new species, including Neocallichirus rhinos, Ctenocheles secretanae, and Minohellenus inexpressus, and two new genera and species, Acanthoportunus buchanani and Vegarthron santiago, are reported from this new fauna. A new genus has been erected to accommodate Portunites triangulum and Portunites granulifer; both are herein referred to Maeandricampus, new genus. Callianassa matsoni Rathbun has been reassigned to Neocallichirus. Portions of the cephalothorax and abdomen of a species of Ctenocheles are described from fossils for the first time. Orbitoplax weaveri, previously known from Eocene rocks of California and Oregon, is reported from the Eocene Mission Valley Formation and the Ardath Shale for the first time. In addition, one specimen of a stomatopod of indeterminate genus is noted. The Eocene decapod fauna from California, now containing eighteen genera, has elements common to the northern Pacific coast of North America as well as taxa known only from California; thus, the area appears to have been suited for decapods adapted to a wide variety of temperature and other environmental conditions. Several genera appear to have evolved within the region, whereas others may have been introduced from the Atlantic or Tethys region via the Central American Seaway. The number of Pacific amphitropical genera continues to increase; two portunid genera discussed here display such a pattern, adding to the four already reported for Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks of the region.
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