The goal of Chinese civil service reform is an appropriate balance in the relationship between politics and administration. This article examines the interaction between Chinese reformers and ...bureaucrats by raising two key questions: “What problems did Chinese reformers identify?” and “What measures did Chinese bureaucrats use to address these problems?” The article discusses three approaches that reformers took toward establishing a civil service system in China as they attempted to define, arrange, and interpret priorities to meet political and policy challenges. Core to the endeavor is the question of how far measures can be taken to reduce the power and authority of the Communist Party of China such that a state civil service can fully function. The article finds that, although some bureaucrats did want to adopt certain Western principles in civil service (as they understood or misunderstood them), for the most part they relied on an examination of the national political systems to define reform problems and formulate solutions. In the final analysis, because the reformers decided to write politics into the law, the bureaucrats needed to find ways through the legislation to formalize the leading role of the party, to make description fit with facts (i.e., comport with reality), and to unify personnel management power by merging a statutory civil service law with a nonstatutory personnel management system.
This article concerns the interventions of the Kremlin (the center) into the administration of a republic, and negotiations between the center and the republican nomenklatura regarding power and the ...boundaries of political autonomy. My theory is that a vague interpretation of the concepts of nationalism in Soviet nationality politics allowed the Kremlin to fulfill the function of the highest arbiter and provided the opportunity for interference into the administration of the republics. This article shows how anti-Soviet protests in Lithuanian society influenced decision-making in Soviet nationality policy.
W pracy przedstawiono procesy powstawania nazw miejskich. Proces kształtowania nazw w miastach zmienia się na przestrzeni lat. Był to proces długotrwały, zależny od mieszkańców. Obywatele ...kształtowali swoje nazwy w codziennym życiu. Nazwy najczęściej informowały o pierwotnym krajobrazie lub zatrudnieniu ludzi. Informowały także o postępie gospodarczym i przemysłowym czy burzliwej historii miasta. Współcześnie możemy zaobserwować zmianę paradygmatu funkcji nazewnictwa spowodowaną przez urzędników. To efekt naszego pędu życia.
Prethodne IUPAC-ove preporuke imenovanja (nomenklature) jednonitnih polimera na osnovi podrijetla (NOP) odnosile su se uglavnom na kopolimere, nelinearne polimere, združene polimere i generičke ...polimere. Pravila navedena u ovim preporukama omogućuju jasnije i preciznije imenovanje polimera na osnovi podrijetla, kako homopolimera tako i kopolimera. Prikazani sveobuhvatni sustav imenovanja polimera na osnovi podrijetla prihvatljiva je alternativa sustavu imenovanja polimera na osnovi strukture. Zbog raširene i česte uporabe dodatno su opisane i preporuke za uporabu uvriježenih imena polimera.
This article examines the problems of the rise and consolidation of authoritarian regimes in former Soviet countries. The authors analyze the reasons why the transition to democracy failed in these ...newly independent states, including the absence of a strong tradition of civil society and the fact that the anti-communist revolution that took place in the Soviet Union in 1991 was not preceded by a "revolution of values." An important reason for the suspension of transitions to democracy was that the new ruling elite, which held a monopoly on power and property in former Soviet countries, had no interest in further market and democratic reforms. In their analysis of reasons for the stability of authoritarian regimes, the authors focus mainly on factors like the roles of the institution of power-property, of the nomenklatura as the ruling class, and of the patronage state. At the same time, this article looks at factors that could limit the development of authoritarian regimes in the former Soviet Union; these factors include competing political identities in society, the balance of power between regional elites, and the de-nomenklaturization of the political elite. The authors note that the main problem on the path of the transition to democracy is the absence of political and social actors interested in such changes.
Prethodne IUPAC-ove preporuke imenovanja (nomenklature) jednonitnih polimera na osnovi podrijetla (NOP) odnosile su se uglavnom na kopolimere, nelinearne polimere, združene polimere i generičke ...polimere. Pravila navedena u ovim preporukama omogućuju jasnije i preciznije imenovanje polimera na osnovi podrijetla, kako homopolimera tako i kopolimera. Prikazani sveobuhvatni sustav imenovanja polimera na osnovi podrijetla prihvatljiva je alternativa sustavu imenovanja polimera na osnovi strukture. Zbog raširene i česte uporabe dodatno su opisane i preporuke za uporabu uvriježenih imena polimera.
duktilne prijelome.
Ovo djelo je dano na korištenje pod licencom Creative Commons Imenovanje 4.0 međunarodna .
Do radical anticorruption measures such as lustration reduce corruption by systematically limiting the political participation of former authoritarian actors? While research has largely overlooked ...the role of transitional justice in addressing corruption, some scholars claim that lustration may increase corruption by reducing bureaucratic expertise. Analyzing original panel data from 30 post-communist states from 1996 to 2011, we find that lustration is effective in lowering corruption. Lustration disrupts the political, economic, and administrative malpractice of the preceding regimes by limiting opportunities for corruption of former communist elites. To illuminate the causal mechanism, we examine the cases of Estonia, which has adopted lustration and lowered corruption; Georgia, which has reduced corruption since first considering lustration; and Russia, which has not adopted lustration and maintains high levels of corruption. This study breaks new ground with a novel system-level explanation and an integrative approach to causation for the entire post-communist world.
The authoritarian regimes in post-Soviet states emerged and consolidated in an absence of strong traditions of civil society and the fact that the anticommunist revolution of 1991 in the Soviet Union ...was not predated by a "revolution of values." The democratic transit in the newly independent states failed and democratic changes were suspended, among other things, because the new ruling layers that had monopolized power and property in post-Soviet states never wanted continued market and democratic reforms. In short, the authoritarian regimes, on the one hand, owe their stability to the power/property institution, the nomenklatura as the ruling stratum and the patronage state. On the other, authoritarianism in the post-Soviet space was kept within certain limits by power equilibrium between regional elites and de-nomenklaturization of the political elite while an absence of political and social actors that need democratic transformations was and remains the highest barrier on the way toward such transformations.
The article analyzes the functions of one of the most important groups of the Soviet bureaucracy. It is based on 120 oral interviews and memoirs of former staff members of the CPSU Central Committee ...apparatus. In the first part, a new understanding is put forward about the place the Central Committee apparatus occupied in the functioning of the central governing institutions in the Soviet Union in the Brezhnev period. Various specific and non-obvious functions carried out by the apparatus are also discussed. The second part reviews a collective biography of the Central Committee staff. In particular, the unexpectedly high level of social class and education of the Central Committee staff is noted, as well as their remarkable level of social achievement and fairly young age at the entry level into the CC apparatus. In this part several typical biographical patterns are - analyzed. In the third part, a comparison with the Western bureaucracy is attempted. In particular, a detailed analysis is made of the anti-corruption measures and means of formation of the corporate discipline in the CC apparatus. The most important difference is found in their respective cultural background, which in the Soviet case was formed by the secondary education they received during Stalin's rule.
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