The most current, comprehensive work available to date, the Textbook of Antisocial Personality Disorder is the definitive source of information on this difficult and often poorly understood and ...underdiagnosed disorder. A group of distinguished international experts, researchers, and clinicians provide their unique perspectives on what has been learned so far about antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and other forms of antisocial behavior, including childhood conduct disorder, adult antisocial behavior, and psychopathy. Highly useful for both clinicians tasked with caring for these patients and researchers involved in probing its causes and treatments, the book looks at the phenomenology and natural course of ASPD, as well as its neuropathology, neurophysiology, genetic risk factors, epigenetics, and social determinants. The authors also explore some promising directions regarding prevention and treatment. Throughout the book, illustrative case vignettes provide a real-world view of people diagnosed with ASPD, including symptoms, course, and severity. In addition, tables, graphs, and illustrations further define the important points. Urgently needed and written with authority by those at the forefront of this vexing disorder, the Textbook of Antisocial Personality Disorder provides useful information on topics such as The history and definition of ASPD Clinical concepts such as epidemiology, comorbidity, symptoms, and course Suspected causes of the disorder Neurophysiology, neurotransmitters, and neuroimaging of the disease The relationship of ASPD to psychopathy Current treatment recommendations Special coverage is included on antisocial women, antisocial children, antisocial sexual offenders, forensic aspects of ASPD, and preventive strategies.
The purposes of this study were to determine time to attainment of symptom remission and to recovery lasting 2, 4, 6, or 8 years among patients with borderline personality disorder and comparison ...subjects with other personality disorders and to determine the stability of these outcomes.
A total of 290 inpatients with borderline personality disorder and 72 comparison subjects with other axis II disorders were assessed during their index admission using a series of semistructured interviews, which were administered again at eight successive 2-year follow-up sessions. For inclusion in the study, patients with borderline personality disorder had to meet criteria for both the Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines and DSM-III-R.
Borderline patients were significantly slower to achieve remission or recovery (which involved good social and vocational functioning as well as symptomatic remission) than axis II comparison subjects. However, by the time of the 16-year follow-up assessment, both groups had achieved similarly high rates of remission (range for borderline patients: 78%-99%; range for axis II comparison subjects: 97%-99%) but not recovery (40%-60% compared with 75%-85%). In contrast, symptomatic recurrence and loss of recovery occurred more rapidly and at substantially higher rates among borderline patients than axis II comparison subjects (recurrence: 10%-36% compared with 4%-7%; loss of recovery: 20%-44% compared with 9%-28%).
Our results suggest that sustained symptomatic remission is substantially more common than sustained recovery from borderline personality disorder and that sustained remissions and recoveries are substantially more difficult for individuals with borderline personality disorder to attain and maintain than for individuals with other forms of personality disorder.
This unique volume reports on the largest long-term preventive intervention study ever conducted with children at risk for serious violence and poor life outcomes. From first through 10th grade, Fast ...Track provided multicomponent interventions to support children, families, and schools in achieving positive social, emotional, and academic outcomes. The book explores the developmental processes associated with early aggression, describes how each component of FastTrack was developed and implemented, and summarizes outcomes up to 20 years later. Vivid case studies track the impact of comprehensive school- and family-based programming on children's pathways through the elementary and high school years. The concluding chapter offers recommendations for using Fast Track components in future violence prevention initiatives. See also the authors' Social and Emotional Skills Training for Children: The Fast Track Friendship Group Manual, a step-by-step guide to implementing one of the core components of Fast Track.
The ICD-11 model of personality disorder consists of a level of severity, 5 trait domains, and a borderline pattern qualifier. Level of severity is assessed by the Standardized Assessment of Severity ...of Personality Disorder (SASPD; Olajide et al., 2018), the trait model by the Personality Inventory for ICD-11 (PiCD; Oltmanns & Widiger, 2018), and the borderline pattern qualifier by the Borderline Pattern Specifier inventory (BPS; Oltmanns & Widiger, 2019). The DSM-5 Section III Alternative Model of Personality Disorder includes a level of personality functioning and the five-domain trait model. These two components are assessed by the Level of Personality Functioning Scale (LPFS; Morey, 2017) and the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5; Krueger, Derringer, Markon, Watson, & Skodol, 2012). Components of each model have been related to one another, but no study has yet considered all of the components for both models within one study. The current study considers the convergent, discriminant, and structural validity of the relationship of the LPFS and PID-5 with the SASPD, PiCD, and BPS. Also included were multiple measures of borderline personality disorder to determine if the BPS obtains incremental validity in accounting for borderline personality disorder variance above and beyond the trait models.
Public Significance Statement
The current predominant trait models are provided by the 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases and the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Considered within the current study are their relationship with one another.
Mõttus and colleagues (2017) reported evidence that the unique variance in specific personality characteristics captured by single descriptive items often displayed trait-like properties of ...cross-rater agreement, rank-order stability, and heritability. They suggested that the personality hierarchy should be extended below facets to incorporate these specific characteristics, called personality nuances. The present study attempted to replicate these findings, employing data from 6,287 individuals from 6 countries (Australia, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Japan, and United States). The same personality measure-240-item Revised NEO Personality Inventory-and statistical procedures were used. The present findings closely replicated the original results. When the original and current results were meta-analyzed, the unique variance of nearly all items (i.e., items' scores residualized for all broader personality traits) showed statistically significant cross-rater agreement (median = .12) and rank-order stability over an average of 12 years (median = .24), and the unique variance of the majority of items had a significant heritable component (median = .14). These 3 item properties were intercorrelated, suggesting that items systematically differed in the degree of reflecting valid unique variance. Also, associations of items' unique variance with age, gender, and body mass index (BMI) replicated across samples and tracked with the original findings. Moreover, associations between item residuals and BMI obtained from one group of people allowed for a significant incremental prediction of BMI in an independent sample. Overall, these findings reinforce the hypotheses that nuances constitute the building blocks of the personality trait hierarchy, their properties are robust and they can be useful.
Three studies were conducted to develop and validate the Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2), a major revision of the Big Five Inventory (BFI). Study 1 specified a hierarchical model of personality ...structure with 15 facet traits nested within the Big Five domains, and developed a preliminary item pool to measure this structure. Study 2 used conceptual and empirical criteria to construct the BFI-2 domain and facet scales from the preliminary item pool. Study 3 used data from 2 validation samples to evaluate the BFI-2's measurement properties and substantive relations with self-reported and peer-reported criteria. The results of these studies indicate that the BFI-2 is a reliable and valid personality measure, and an important advance over the original BFI. Specifically, the BFI-2 introduces a robust hierarchical structure, controls for individual differences in acquiescent responding, and provides greater bandwidth, fidelity, and predictive power than the original BFI, while still retaining the original measure's conceptual focus, brevity, and ease of understanding. The BFI-2 therefore offers valuable new opportunities for research examining the structure, assessment, development, and life outcomes of personality traits.
Background and Aims
Individual differences in DSM‐IV personality disorders (PDs) are associated with increased prevalence of substance use disorders. Our aims were to determine which combination of ...PDs trait scores best predict cannabis use (CU) and cannabis use disorder (CUD), and to estimate the size and significance of genetic and environmental risks in PD traits shared with CU and CUD.
Design
Linear mixed‐effects models were used to identify PD traits for inclusion in twin analyses to explore the genetic and environmental associations between the traits and cannabis use.
Setting
Cross‐sectional data were obtained from Norwegian adult twins in a face‐to‐face interview in 1999–2004 as part of a population‐based study of mental health.
Participants
Subjects were 1419 twins (μage = 28.2 years, range = 19–36) from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel with complete PD and cannabis data.
Measurements
PD traits were assessed using DSM‐IV criteria. Life‐time CU and CUD were based on DSM‐IV abuse and dependence criteria, including withdrawal and craving.
Findings
After adjusting for age and sex, antisocial β = 0.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.19–0.28 and borderline PDs (β = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.14–0.26) were associated strongly with CU. Antisocial (β = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.21–0.31) and borderline PDs (β = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.06–0.18) were also linked strongly to CUD. Genetic risks in antisocial and borderline PD traits explained 32–60% of the total variance in CU and CUD. Dependent and avoidant PDs explained 11 and 16% of the total variance in CU and CUD, respectively.
Conclusions
Individual differences in the liability to cannabis use and cannabis use disorder appear to be linked to genetic risks correlated with antisocial and borderline personality disorder traits.
The International Classification of Disease (11th ed.; ICD-11) personality disorder (PD) proposal characterizes personality psychopathology using an overall impairment severity dimension as well as ...dysfunctional personality style on the basis of five trait domain qualifiers: Negative Affectivity, Detachment, Dissociality, Disinhibition, and Anankastia. Recent research has indicated that trait facet scales from the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) can be used to index these five broad domains with promising construct validity. Our goal in the current study was to validate the PID-5 algorithms for the five ICD-11 trait domains with some minor adjustments based on the updated ICD-11 text. To this end, we used 343 psychiatric outpatients from a large Canadian metropolitan area, who had completed the PID-5, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders-Personality Questionnaire, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form, and the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. The factor structure of the ICD-11 domains was upheld, as expected, and associations with external measures of five-factor model and Personality Psychopathology Five personality traits as well as PD symptom counts adhered to a conceptually expected pattern.
Public Significance Statement
This project validated five specific measures of personality traits domains described in the International Classification of Disease (11th ed.). The findings revealed a good organizational structure of the five trait domains as well as associations with other conceptually relevant personality variables.
The current article presents a theoretical framework of the short- and long-term processes underlying personality development throughout adulthood. The newly developed TESSERA framework posits that ...long-term personality development occurs due to repeated short-term, situational processes. These short-term processes can be generalized as recursive sequence of Triggering situations, Expectancy, States/State expressions, and Reactions (TESSERA). Reflective and associative processes on TESSERA sequences can lead to personality development (i.e., continuity and lasting changes in explicit and implicit personality characteristics and behavioral patterns). We illustrate how the TESSERA framework facilitates a more comprehensive understanding of normative and differential personality development at various ages during the life span. The TESSERA framework extends previous theories by explicitly linking short- and long-term processes of personality development, by addressing different manifestations of personality, and by being applicable to different personality characteristics, for example, behavioral traits, motivational orientations, or life narratives.
Researchers often use very abbreviated (e.g., 1-item, 2-item) measures of personality traits due to their convenience and ease of use as well as the belief that such measures can adequately capture ...an individual's personality. Using data from 2 samples (N = 437 employees, N = 355 college students), we show that this practice, particularly the use of single-item measures, can lead researchers to substantially underestimate the role that personality traits play in influencing important behaviors and thereby overestimate the role played by new constructs. That is, the use of very short measures of personality may substantially increase both the Type 1 and Type 2 error rates. We argue that even slightly longer measures can substantially increase the validity of research findings without significant inconvenience to the researcher or research participants.
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