Contaminated sediments transported onto the river terrace during high water events can contribute significant quantities of potentially toxic elements to riparian soils. Seven trace elements (As, Cd, ...Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) were analysed in the river sediment and riparian soil of the River Sava and their spatial distribution, potential toxicity and ecological risk levels were evaluated. The results showed that levels of all the trace metals were enriched to varying extents in both the sediment (As, Cr, Ni, and Pb) and soil (Ni) when compared to reference levels for sediments and European soils. Mean concentrations of trace metals in sediment and soil, apart from Pb, increased downstream in the River Sava. The similar increasing trend of these elements in sediment and soil may be explained by their increased load due to anthropogenic pressures (As, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn in sediment and the significant accumulation of Ni in soil) and frequent periodic flooding (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn in sediment and Cd in soil are influenced by both high water events and natural factors such as the geological substrate), particularly in lowland regions. In this study, soluble As, Cd, Cr, Cu and Ni fractions in sediment and soil <10% indicated their low mobility. The exceptions were readily soluble Pb and Zn in the sediment and soil at some sampling sites. In the lower reaches, levels of Pb in sediment was indicative of a medium environmental hazard, while there was a high environmental hazard in the upper reaches with the average Pb content in sediment higher than the PEL. Pollution factors for Pb in soil indicated a medium environmental hazard in the upper and middle reaches and a high environmental hazard at some sites in the lower stretches of the Sava River, although total Pb content in soil was within the range proposed for European soils.
•Riparian zone contamination was studied on a large spatial scale.•As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in riparian soil and river sediment were analysed.•Cr and Ni levels >PEL (CCME 2001) were found in river sediment in river's lower reaches.•Elevated As, Cr, Ni and Zn levels were found in riparian soil in river's lower reaches.•Hazardous readily soluble Pb in sediment and soil was found in upper reaches.
The post-Neotethyan, oblique subduction-driven narrowing between the tapering northeastern Adria margin and the European promontory (Tisza-, Serbo-Macedonian Unit) culminated during the Late ...Cretaceous. A developing Conacian – Santonian narrowing corridor including the Campanian bimodal magmatism of limited volume is restricted and aligned with the Tisza Unit/East Vardar/Serbo-Macedonian overriding plate(s). These Campanian, sliver-like, mini-magma pools are sealed shortly afterward with the onset and formation of the time-equivalent mélange, along with the Maastrichtian to middle Oligocene turbidites. A typifying segment of this diffuse plate boundary referred to as the Sava Suture Zone, occurs as disconnected outcrop belt, exhumed on Medvednica, Prosara, Kozara, Motajica, Moslovačka Gora, and the Požeška Gora Mountains (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia). The active margin segment, cropping out along the East Vardar Zone/Serbo-Macedonian overriding plate, exclusively boasts several near-surface, rather localized Coniacian-Santonian magma incursions. These Upper Cretaceous limited-sized, magmatic products are hosted in the Ripanj-Pinosava, Rudnik-Topola areas (andesites, lamprophyre) in Serbia and the Klepa Mt. in North Macedonia. Such a disproportional magnitude of near-surface Upper Cretaceous magmatic centers is consistent with the difference between the crustal tectonic components and the discrepancies in mantle-lithospheric processes. However, the locations or plate-tectonic relationships and the reasons why the thrust-stacked magma pools localize and in which area, are not fully understood. The regional geological analysis of the Upper Cretaceous Sava Suture Zone yields a new regional geodynamic interpretation, connecting (i) the Jurassic–earliest Cretaceous closure of Neotethys, (ii) the oblique active margin, pull-apart ‘Gosau-type’ subbasin formation, and the emplacement of restricted volcanic intrusions.
•Late Cretaceous-Paleogene suture zone “Sava Zone” connects Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia, North Macedonia.•Sava Suture Zone is a composite overprinted oblique plate boundary, characterized by the scarce bimodal magma intrusions.•Santonian mini-magma pools are associated with the Upper Cretaceous reactivation of oblique lithospheric-scale motions.•The corridor contains no solid evidence of any Cretaceous oceanic lithosphere, dismissing the existence of the “Sava Ocean”.
This study investigated the occurrence of 48 contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in wastewater effluents from three Slovenian and three Croatian waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) representing ...the major inputs into the upper and middle course of the Sava River and simultaneously in the Sava River itself. Two sampling campaigns were carried out (May and July 2017). Samples were extracted using solid-phase extraction and analysed by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. In effluents, 23 CECs were >LOQ with caffeine and the UV-filter 4-hydroxybenzophenone (H-BP) present in the highest concentrations (<49,600 ng L−1 and <28,900 ng L−1, respectively) and most frequently detected (detection frequency; DFr > 83.3%). Bisphenol B and E were detected for the first time in WW from Velika Gorica (May) and Zaprešić (July), respectively. In surface water (SW), 19 CECs were detected >LOQ with CAF again being the most abundant and most frequently detected (DFr = 92.9%). Bisphenols AP, CL2, P and Z were detected >LOQ for the first time in European SW. Active pharmaceutical ingredients naproxen, ketoprofen, carbamazepine and diclofenac; the preservative methyl paraben; CAF and UV-filter HM-BP were the most abundant CECs in SW and WW. An increasing trend in the total CEC load downstream was observed, indicating the cumulative effects of individual sources along the river. The Croatian Zaprešić, Zagreb and Velika Gorica WWTP effluents contributed the most towards the enhanced loads of the CECs studied probably due to their size or insufficient treatment. HM-BP was the only compound found at a levels exhibiting high environmental risk (RQ = 1.13) downstream from Ljubljana and Domžale-Kamnik WWTPs. Other SW samples that contained HM-BP, ibuprofen (API) and/or benzyl paraben (preservative) posed a medium risk to the environment. The results suggest the need for further monitoring of CECs in the Sava River Basin.
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•Bisphenols E and B were detected >LOQ in European SW for the first time.•Bisphenols AP, CL2, P and Z were detected >LOQ in European WW for the first time.•Correlation between CEC mass loads in Sava River and corresponding WWs was observed.•Overall CEC contamination downstream the Sava River was confirmed.•All SWs with detected HM-BP, IB or Be-PB posed at least a medium environmental risk.
We present a comprehensive study aimed to distinguish between natural and anthropogenic origin of some potentially toxic elements (PTEs: As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Sb, Sn and Zn) in soil, fine-grained ...sediment and suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the upper zone of the anthropogenically impacted Sava River (Slovenia, Croatia). The study area is also characterised by a diverse lithological composition and therefore has a wide range of geochemical compositions, which makes it quite challenging to determine the level of pollution in analysed materials. The local enrichment factors (LEFs) calculated for specific lithologies of the catchment such as Mesozoic carbonates, Neogene clastic sedimentary rocks as well as Paleozoic and Paleogene/Neogene siliciclastic rocks proved to be a good tool to reduce the grain-size effect and the signal of different provenances and finally to accurately identify the hotspots of pollution in the Sava catchment. For defined empirical functions, the LEFs of PTEs in background samples ranges: As (0.67–1.33), Cd (0.55–1.42), Cr (0.72–1.37), Cu (0.69–1.38), Pb (0.72–1.41), Sb (0.74–1.19), Sn (0.73–1.25) and Zn (0.73–1.42). There are still many sites impacted by past mining and smelting activities, but also untreated effluents with significant enrichment of Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, Sn and Zn (LEFs range from 4 to 8; for the Voglajna River the LEF of Cd is ∼50 and of Zn ∼20) in the Sava zone and therefore require greater attention. This study improves our knowledge of the distinction between natural and anthropogenic sources of PTEs in sedimentary materials strongly influenced by different source lithologies that cause their contrasting geochemical signatures.
•Geochemistry of soil, fine sediment and suspended matter in an urban river was studied.•Lithology caused great variability in geochemical composition of sedimentary materials.•Local enrichment factors were used to identify pollution sources.•Cd, Pb, Sb, Sn and Zn showed many exceedances of background levels.
U ritmu poplave i gladi Salopek Bogavčić, Iva
Scrinia Slavonica,
11/2020, Volume:
20, Issue:
1
Journal Article, Paper
Peer reviewed
Open access
Na temelju literature, tiska te objavljenih i neobjavljenih izvora u radu se sagledavaju pojave gladi i poplava kao posljedice procesa koji su se događali na uskom području slijeva potoka Rešetarice ...do utoka u rijeku Savu. Potok Rešetarica izvire na sjevernom dijelu kotara Nova Gradiška, na vlastelinstvu Cernik, koje je u razdoblju od 1890. do 1914. doživljavalo ekonomski procvat uvjetovan djelovanjem pet tvornica. U radu se sagledavaju povezanost i utjecaj ekonomskog napretka tvornica na vlastelinstvu Cernik, koje su za svoje djelovanje iskorištavale šumu vlastelinstva, na pojavu bujica pa time i, posljedično, pojavu poplave i gladi duž slijeva potoka Rešetarice do Save. Krčenje šuma na vlastelinstvu, pojava bujica i neadekvatna regulacija potoka Rešetarica rezultirali su poplavama i gladi, ponajviše kod sela Orubice i Davora. Ta su sela bila plavljena s dviju strana, potokom Rešetaricom, koji se ulijevao u Crnac polje, sa sjeverne strane i rijekom Savom s južne strane. O lošim nasipima, nedostatku političke volje i sporoj regulaciji rijeke Save progovarao je Milan Kerdić, jedini lokalni glasnogovornik ugroženog stanovništva, potvrđujući kako su mikroregionalni problemi odraz međunarodne krize, ali i nedostatka političke volje i interesa za rješavanje regulacije rijeke Save.
On the basis of literature, newspapers, published and unpublished sources this paper examines famine and floods as a result of the processes that took place in the narrow area of the drainage basin of the Rešetarica Stream as far as its confluence with the Sava River. The Rešetarica rises in the northern part of the district of Nova Gradiška, in Cernik manor, which in the period from 1890 to 1914 experienced an economic upturn due to the activities of five factories. This paper examines the economic progress of the factories at Cernik manor, which exploited the forests of the manor, and its connection with and impact on the phenomenon of torrents and in consequence of flooding and famine along the drainage basin of the Rešetarica as far as the Sava River. The
clearing of the forests in the manor, the appearance of torrents and the inadequate regulation of the Rešetarica resulted in floods and famine, primarily near the villages Orubica and Davor. These villages were flooded from two sides: by the Rešetarica, which flowed into the Crnac polje (plain) to the north and the Sava River to the south. Milan Kerdić, the only local spokesman of the endangered population, spoke out
about poor embankments, the lack of political will and the slow regulation of the Sava River, confirming that the micro-regional issues were the reflection of an international crisis but also of the lack of political will and interest to solve the regulation issues of the Sava River.
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•Time-integrated sampler is employed in medium-sized river and smaller tributaries.•Mineralogical and geochemical composition of the SPM depends on hydrodynamic ...sorting.•Representativeness of the SPM collected by TIMS is reasonably good.•Sampler efficiency can be diminished during high discharges.•Physicochemical changes inside TIMS can invoke additional modifications of the SPM composition.
The suspended particulate matter (SPM) carried by the rivers shows a wide range of particle size classes, mineralogical and chemical compositions and is mainly influenced by hydrodynamic sorting and provenance during the transport. Here, we have investigated the composition of the SPM in the Sava River and its tributaries (Ljubljanica, Savinja and Krapina) using a time-integrated suspended sediment sampler (TIMS). The representativeness of material collected by TIMS was evaluated comparing fine-grained sediments, single-point SPM and SPM collected using a shallow and deep-positioned sampler. The main results have revealed that the mineralogical and geochemical composition of the material is largely dependent on hydrological conditions. The differentiation of element composition is especially emphasized at low water stage when most of the SPM consists of slow-settling mineral phases (clay minerals and metal oxyhydroxides) which can be trapped in the sampler. During periods of high discharges, differentiation is less prominent, and homogenization of the SPM occurs, mainly as a part of bed load is also taken into suspension. These conditions have proven unfavorable for sampler efficiency, as at least part of the finest particles could not be retained. Additional issues that may occur during TIMS employment relate to biologically driven carbonate precipitation, which is triggered by changes in physico-chemical conditions at low water table in the summer period. Increased concentration of Ca, related to that process, influences the elemental composition of the SPM, which is particularly important when anthropogenic impact or sediment source is assessed. Hence, in order to interpret the geochemical and mineralogical data collected by TIMS, these factors should be taken into account. Our findings emphasize the need for detailed studies of chemical composition of the SPM (time-integrated) in medium-sized rivers and point out the significance of evaluating sampling representativeness during different hydrological conditions.
Land‐use change is the most important driver of biodiversity loss worldwide and particularly so in the tropics, where natural habitats are transformed into large‐scale monocultures or heterogeneous ...landscape mosaics of largely unknown conservation value. Using birds as an indicator taxon, we evaluated the conservation value of a landscape mosaic in northeastern Madagascar, a biodiversity hotspot and the center of global vanilla production. We assessed bird species richness and composition by conducting point counts across seven prevalent land‐use types (forest‐ and fallow‐derived vanilla agroforests, woody and herbaceous fallow that are part of a shifting cultivation system, rice paddy, forest fragment and contiguous old‐growth forest). We find that old‐growth forest had the highest species richness, driven by a high share of endemics. Species richness and community composition in forest‐derived vanilla agroforest were similar to forest fragment, whereas fallow‐derived vanilla agroforest was most comparable to woody fallow. The open land‐use types herbaceous fallow and rice paddy had fewest species. Across forest fragments, vanilla agroforests, and woody fallows, endemic bird species richness was positively correlated to landscape‐scale forest cover. We conclude that both fallow‐ and forest‐derived vanilla agroforests play an important but contrasting role for bird conservation: Fallow‐derived agroforests are less valuable but take fallow land out of the shifting cultivation cycle, possibly preventing further degradation. Conversely, forest‐derived agroforests contribute to forest degradation but may avoid total loss of tree cover from forest fragments. Considering the land‐use history of agroforests may thus be a promising avenue for future research beyond the case of vanilla.
in Malagasay is available with online material
Famintinana
Ny fampiasana ny tany dia isan'ireo vesatra lehibe indrindra amin'ny fahasimban'ny tontolo iainana eran‐tany. Hita indrindra izany amin'ireo tany tropikaly, izay iharan'ny famadihana ny ala ho toeram‐pambolena midadasika mifototra amin'ny vokatra iray karazana monja na koa ireo karazam‐boly miharo amin'ny ala. Tsy mbola tena fantatra hatreto ny lanjan'izany eo amin'ny fiarovana ny tontolo iainana. Teto dia nampiasaina manokana ny vorona ho tondro handrefesana ny fahatsaran'ny tontolo iainana amin'ireo karazam‐boly mifangaro amin'ny ala tany amin'ny faritra avaratra andrefan'i Madagasika. Izany faritra izany moa dia toerana manan‐danja manokana eo amin'ny zavaboahary no sady mpamokatra voly fanondrana lafo vidy toa ny lavanila. Natao ny fanisana ny vorona hita isan'irigirika teo amin'ireo endri‐panovana ny ala mahatratra karazany fito ho toeram‐pambolena (voly lavanila anaty ala, tavy nanjary voly lavanila, hazo miharo bozaka tavy antitra navadika ho voly lavanila, tanimbary, ary ala mitsitokotoko sy ala mikitroka). Nahitana ny ankamaroan'ny karazam‐borona zanatany ohatra ny ala mikitroka. Mitovy kokoa ny karazam‐borona hita amin'ny voly lavanila anaty ala sy ny ala mitsitokotoko, raha mifanakaiky kokoa izany amin'ny tavy nanjary voly lavanila sy ny hazo miharo bozaka. Ireo toerana tsy mikitroka sy ny tanimbary kosa dia zara raha misy karazam‐borona. Amin'ireo ala mitsitokotoko dia hita fa mifandraika amin'ny haben'ny faritra mbola rakotra ala ny hamaroan'ny karazam‐borona zanatany. Azo fintinina hoe ny tavy sy ireo voly miharo ala dia manana anjara toerana lehibe na dia mifanohitra amin'ny fiarovana ny vorona aza : ny tavy misy voly miharo ala dia tsy tena mety amin'ny vorona, nefa kosa manampy amin'ny fambolena ka mety hisorohana ny fanimbana ny ala mikitroka. Mifanohitra amin'izany, ny voly miharo ala dia mety hanimba ny ala, saingy mety hisoroka kosa ny fanapahana ireo ala mitsitokotoko. Ny fandinihana ny tantaram‐pitrandrahana ny voly anaty ala dia mety hanana anjara toerana amin'ny fikarohana ho avy, mihoatra ny tranga voly lavanila..
In the biodiversity hotspot Madagascar, species are at risk of extinction due to land‐use change. Using data from a land‐use trajectory in the north‐east of the country, we show how higher level endemic bird species, i.e. those species endemic on genus or family level, are particularly affected by ongoing deforestation and forest degradation. The most unique species are thus most at risk, calling for a sustainable land‐use transformation to protect Madagascar’s biodiversity.
There is a worldwide growing use of chemicals by our developed, industrialized, and technological society. More than 100,000 chemical substances are thus commonly used both by industry and ...households. Depending on the amount produced, physical-chemical properties, and mode of use, many of them may reach the environment and, notably, the aquatic receiving systems. This may result in undesirable and harmful side-effects on both the human and the ecosystem's health. Mediterranean rivers are largely different from Northern and Central European rivers in terms of hydrological regime, climate conditions (e.g. air temperature, solar irradiation, precipitation), and socio-economics (e.g. land use, tourism, crop types, etc.), with all these factors leading to differences in the relative importance of the environmental stressors, in the classes and levels of the pollutants found and their environmental fate. Furthermore, water scarcity might be critical in affecting water pollution because of the lowered dilution capacity of chemicals.
This work provides raw chemical data from different families of microcontaminants identified in three selected Mediterranean rivers (the Sava, Evrotas, and Adige) collected during two sampling campaigns conducted in 2014 and 2015 in three different matrices, namely, water, sediments, and biota (fish). More than 200 organic micropollutants were analyzed, including relevant groups like pharmaceuticals, personal care products, perfluorinated compounds, pesticides, pyrethroid insecticides, flame retardants, and persistent organic pollutants. Data obtained were summarized with some basic statistics for all compound families and matrices analyzed. Observed occurrence and spatial patterns were interpreted both in terms of compound physical-chemical properties and local environmental pressures. Finally, their spatial distribution was examined and their ecotoxicological risk in the water phase was assessed. This allowed locating, at each basin, the most polluted sites (“hot spots”) and identifying the respective river basin specific pollutants (RBSPs), prioritizing them in terms of the potential ecotoxicological risk posed to the aquatic ecosystems.
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•More than 200 emerging contaminants monitored in three Mediterranean River Basins•Three environmental compartments (water, sediments, biota) investigated•River basin “hot spots” characterized through ecotoxicological risk assessment•River basin specific pollutants identified
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