Abstract
This paper examines the dispute between Burge and McDowell over methodology in the philosophy of perception. Burge (2005, 2011) has argued that the disjunctivism posited by naive perceptual ...realists is incompatible with the results of current perceptual science, while McDowell (2010, 2013) defends his disjunctivism by claiming an autonomous field of enquiry for perceptual epistemology, one that does not employ the classificatory schemes of the science. Here it is argued that the crucial point at issue in the dispute is Burge’s acceptance, and McDowell’s rejection, of the ‘Cartesian idealization’ of mind as a self-contained system. Burge’s case against disjunctivism rests on the assumption of a clearly demarcated boundary between mind and world, a picture of the mind that McDowell’s philosophy reacts against. This boundary is required for scientific, causal explanations of perceptual processing because it is a simplifying assumption that helps present scientists with a clearly demarcated object of investigation. Concurring with McDowell, I conclude that philosophers need not carve up their objects of investigation in the same way.
Das begriffliche Instrumentarium von Herbert A. Simon und Niklas Luhmann zu Entscheidungsprämissen und Entscheidungsprogrammen wird vergleichend untersucht. Luhmann bezieht sich zwar explizit auf ...Simon, durch eine unterschiedliche Theorieanlage entsteht aber eine Sinnverschiebung. Simons Theoriebildung ist auf eine empirische Analyse menschlichen Verhaltens angelegt und verfolgt das ambitionierte softwaretechnische Projekt der Modellierung von Heuristiken in einem „General Problem Solver.“ Luhmanns Theoriekonstruktion ist dagegen am Vorbild juristischen Entscheidens orientiert. Gerade dadurch gelingt es ihm aber, eine neue soziologische Perspektive auf Entscheidungen in Organisationen zu eröffnen, die für aktuelle Diskussionen zum „automated decision making“ genutzt werden kann.
Le recenti innovazioni relative ai meccanismi di apprendimento automatico in grado di elaborare l'enorme quantita di dati oggi disponibili hanno portato nuovamente al centro del dibattito ...scientifico, filosofico e politico l'intelligenza artificiale (IA)2, definita in ambito europeo come una "tecnología abilitante fondamentale", che mira ad automatizzare uno o piü processi cognitivi (umani), che fornisce previsioni, raccomandazioni o decisioni per raggiungere obiettivi specifici, imparando continuamente dall'ambiente in cui si trova, o dai risultati delle sue stesse azioni (European Commission, 2020). Un settore, quello delle costruzioni, energivoro e vulnerabile dal punto di vista produttivo, affetto da criticita radicate (ritardi, performance disattese, perdita di informazioni tra le diverse fasi di processo, ecc.) che ne limitano lo sviluppo e che trovano nella transizione digitale attraverso il Building Information Modeling (prima)3 e nell'adozione di sistemi di IA (come applicazione conseguente) una possibile soluzione. Una prima strategia prevede l'applicazione della classe di metodi del General Adversarial Network (Goodfellow et al., 2014) per la generazione autonoma, da parte del computer, di immagini inedite a partire da relazioni 'auto-apprese' processando in fase di training l'insieme di dati (immagini, grafi, numeri, ecc.) con cui e stato alimentato. Piü in linea con tale indirizzo, le strategie appartenenti al secondo ambito di indagine focalizzano l'attenzione sugli aspetti prestazionali impiegando tecniche di IA piü consolidate, tra cui il Generative Design (GD) e la Topology Optimization (TO), che negli ultimi anni hanno visto la proliferazione di sistemi di supporto alle decisioni spaziali (SDSS) sia da parte di case produttrici di software (Fig. 3), sia degli studi di Architettura che sviluppano i propri strumenti in-house.
What exactly is an organization? To answer this question, we will refer to organizational theory formulated and developed in the 20th century. Chester Barnard believed that human groups appear to be ...organized rather than disorderly crowds because members with a common purpose are working purposively. Herbert A. Simon, who expanded on this idea, considered that making purposive decisions is rational as long as the purposes are accomplished step by step from top to bottom along a hierarchy of ends. However, he pointed out that this hierarchy of ends was incomplete and was, sometimes, contradictory. Regarding technology as an alternative to this, James D. Thompson came to the opinion that if organizations are purposive, their core should consist of one or more technologies. Karl E. Weick depicted the technology-formation process as an organizing process. People will initially repeat, for their various purposes, an interlocked behavior cycle as a common means. If the cycle is stable, people with differing goals will be able to use it, leading to the assembly of a larger module and a gradual shift to a common purpose.
We critically examine Herbert Simon's 1967 essay, ‘The business school: a problem in organizational design’. We consider this essay within the context of Simon's key ideas about organizations, ...particularly those closely associated with the ‘Carnegie perspective’ on organizations and how they influenced the reinvention of American business schools in the post‐Second World War era, and were deeply influenced by the post‐War context and also were appropriated by the Ford and Carnegie Foundations to reform business school teaching and research. We argue that management educators misappropriated Simon's concept of an intellectually robust and relevant research and educational agenda for business schools that has in part contributed to the intellectual stasis that now characterizes business education research and its capacity to inform management practice.
Beyond the Turing Test Marcus, Gary; Rossi, Francesca; Veloso, Manuela
The AI magazine,
03/2016, Volume:
37, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The articles in this special issue of AI Magazine include those that propose specific tests and those that look at the challenges inherent in building robust, valid, and reliable tests for advancing ...the state of the art in AI.
Job automation is a critical decision that has brought about profound changes in the workplace. However, the question of what drives job automation remains unclear. This study conducts an ...interdisciplinary review of five theoretical frameworks on job automation, paying particular attention to the role played by artificial intelligence and machine learning. It highlights the concepts and mechanisms underlying each of the frameworks, compares and contrasts their similarities and differences, and highlights challenges and suggests opportunities of job automation. It also proposes an integrated framework on job automation by addressing the research gaps in extant frameworks and thereby contributes to the research and practice on this important topic.
The game of chess has often been used for psychological investigations, particularly in cognitive science. The clear-cut rules and well-defined environment of chess provide a model for investigations ...of basic cognitive processes, such as perception, memory, and problem solving, while the precise rating system for the measurement of skill has enabled investigations of individual differences and expertise-related effects. In the present study, we focus on another appealing feature of chess—namely, the large archive databases associated with the game. The German national chess database presented in this study represents a fruitful ground for the investigation of multiple longitudinal research questions, since it collects the data of over 130,000 players and spans over 25 years. The German chess database collects the data of all players, including hobby players, and all tournaments played. This results in a rich and complete collection of the skill, age, and activity of the whole population of chess players in Germany. The database therefore complements the commonly used expertise approach in cognitive science by opening up new possibilities for the investigation of multiple factors that underlie expertise and skill acquisition. Since large datasets are not common in psychology, their introduction also raises the question of optimal and efficient statistical analysis. We offer the database for download and illustrate how it can be used by providing concrete examples and a step-by-step tutorial using different statistical analyses on a range of topics, including skill development over the lifetime, birth cohort effects, effects of activity and inactivity on skill, and gender differences.
Purpose
This article aims to propose a critical review of James G. March’s research in and particular its consistency with its epistemological and psychological underpinnings.
...Design/methodology/approach
The paper proposes a textual and conceptual analysis of James G. March’s study.
Findings
The article argues first that March’s study exemplifies the “physics envy” typical of management and organisation studies scholars since the early 1960s. Second, evidence is presented that March’s conclusions, irrespective of their legacy on management and organisation studies, were not developed along and were not consistent with the foundations that March espoused and advocated during most of his career. As a result, the implications of his conclusions are uncertain. To his credit, however, there are reasons to believe that, towards the end of his career, March came to recognise the limitations of his scholarship. Further, he indicated an alternative avenue for organisation studies which eschews the shortcomings of positivist and post-modern research.
Research limitations/implications
Although centred on March’s work, the argument presented is relevant to psychology, organisations, choice, the nature of knowledge, the limitations of positivism and post-modernism.
Originality/value
The paper balances the perspective offered by recent celebratory reviews of March’s study.
Se presenta en este artículo el naturalismo de Ronald Giere, mostrando su base en las nociones de racionalidad limitada y de satisfacción de Herbert A. Simon. Se aduce a continuación que, pese al ...interés de su propuesta, la pretensión de Giere de hacer de la epistemología una rama de la psicología o de la biología es una reacción excesiva a los extremos aprioristas de la epistemología tradicional y del logicismo de los neopositivistas. Se concluye con algunas observaciones sobre su posición ante el tema de la verdad en la ciencia.
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