In this volume, Stanisław Rosik focuses on the meaning and significance of Old Slavic religion as presented in three German chronicles (those of Thietmar, Adam of Bremen, Helmold) from the 11th and ...12th century.
Cloud service providers use load balancing algorithms in order to avoid Service Level Agreement Violations (SLAVs) and wasted energy consumption due to host over- and under-utilization, respectively. ...Load balancing algorithms migrate VMs between hosts in order to balance host loads. Any Virtual Machines (VMs) that are migrated experience performance degradation which results in lower Quality of Service (QoS) and can possibly result in SLAVs. Hence, an optimal load balancing method should reduce the number of over- and under-utilized hosts with a minimal number of VM migrations. One of the metrics used previously in the literature for evaluating load balancing stated that it equally considered SLAVs caused by both over-utilized hosts and migrations. However, in this paper, we show that, in fact, this metric values keeping the number of migrations low at the expense of an increased number of over-utilized hosts. This disparity is demonstrated by simulation of Google, PlanetLab and Azure data sets in CloudSim. This metric may suit public cloud providers which are focused on minimizing SLAVs and keeping energy costs low, but does not consider the QoS of customer VMs. We propose an alternative metric that considers QoS for the VMs. This alternative metric considers not only performance loss during migration, but also performance degradation due to host over-utilization. Private cloud providers, e.g., IT services within large organizations, often value the performance of their “customer” VMs, i.e., the QoS their organization receives, as well as traditional cloud provider costs, i.e., energy and SLAV costs. Hence, our alternative metric would be more appropriate in these scenarios. We compare and contrast load balancing methods using both the existing, biased metric and our new alternative metric.
•The proposed metric considers the effects of migration and over-utilization equally.•Showing results of using inappropriate metrics for evaluating load balancing models.•Selecting different load balancing algorithms according to different goals.
When Roman administration and legions gradually withdrew from the outer provinces after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, they created a power void filled by various groups. The dynamic Migration ...Period that followed is usually considered to have ended when the Germanic Lombards allegedly left Central Europe and were replaced by Slavs. Whether or how Slavic and Germanic tribes interacted, however, is currently disputed. Here we report the first direct archaeological find in support of a contact: a bone fragment dated to ~600 AD incised with Germanic runes but found in Lány, Czechia, a contemporaneous settlement associated with Slavs. We documented and authenticated this artifact using a combined approach of use-wear analysis with SEM microscopy, direct radiocarbon dating, and ancient DNA analysis of the animal bone, thereby setting a new standard for the investigation of runic bones. The find is the first older fuþark inscription found in any non-Germanic context and suggests that the presumed ancestors of modern Slavic speakers encountered writing much earlier than previously thought.
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•A rune-incised bone discovered in an Early Slavic context making it the first writing among Slavs.•The find challenges the presumed sharp dicothomy between Germanic tribes and Early Slavs in Central Europe.•Runology, radiocarbon dating and use-wear SEM microscopy authenticated the find.•Target-enriched ancient DNA analysis allowed the bone to be identified as Bos taurus.
The article presents the results of an analysis of Romny culture bracelets in order to reveal the sources of origin of certain forms. In total, 48 bracelets were recorded, excluding 7 items of the ...1915 hoard from Korobkino, which is the subject of a special publication. The most popular bracelets were made of wire with expanding ends (30 items), the prototypes of which are well known among Slavic antiquities of the VI–VIII centuries. These items, along with plate bracelets with expanding ends (6 items), that appeared in Volyntsevo time, act as a kind of marker of the Romny culture at the Eastern European Slavic-Russian sites of the IX–X centuries. Russian imports are represented by a wire bracelet with tied ends from Shpilevka, as well as jewelry from Korobkino. Four thin wire bracelets reflect the influence of Khazar fashion. The use of silver as a raw material (3 items) suggests their local production. Two iron plate bracelets with loops at the ends most likely came directly from the Khaganate. There are weak connections with the Finnish environment of the Volga region, as well as contacts between the inhabitants of Novotroitskoe and Truvorovo hillforts. In general, the set of Romny bracelets represents an essentially original phenomenon.
First Nationalism Then Identity focuses on the case of Bosnian Muslims, a rare historic instance of a new nation emerging. Although for Bosnian Muslims the process of national emergence and the ...assertion of a new salient identity have been going on for over two decades, Mirsad Kriještorac is the first to explain the significance of the whole process and how the adoption of their new Bosniak identity occurred. He provides a historical overview of Yugoslav and Bosnian Slavic Muslims’ transformation into a full-fledged distinct and independent national group as well as addresses the important question in the field of nationalism studies about the relationship between and workings of nationalism and identity. While this book is noteworthy for ordinary readers interested in the case of Bosnian Muslims, it is an important contribution to the scholarly debate on the role of nationalism in the political life of a group and adds an interdisciplinary perspective to comparative politics scholarship by drawing from anthropology, history, geography, and sociology.
Auto- and allochthonous theories of the origin of the Slavs and their supporters have been competing for many years. Recent research (genetic, anthropological and linguistic) confirms the early ...appearance of the Slavs on Polish lands and their permanent settlement in these lands. Contrary to this, in some circles, especially among archaeologists, the theses about the indigenousness of the Slavs are treated as substantive errors. The direct reason for writing this article is the fact that the dissemination of an already published book on the history of physical culture has been blocked.
The article concerns two issues – 1) the way science functions and the way to find the truth when competing paradigms collide (from the perspective of the sociology of science); 2) the origin of the Slavs, the direct ancestors of today's Poles, which seems particularly important both for Polish history and today's identity. According to the author, supporters of the allochthonous concept ignore the knowledge resulting from research and publications of recent years. Therefore, publications have been cited - a brief review of the literature on the subject.
The article is devoted to the problem of actualizing the motive of brotherhood in various spheres of A. S. Khomyakov’s works, identifying the relationships between the ecclesiological theory of the ...fraternal unity of the church community as “the grace of mutual love”, the epistemological concept of fraternal communication as a condition of true knowledge and images of fraternal unity in poetic creativity. The reasons for the lack of clarity in the religious and philosophical constructions of A. Khomyakov of the principles of the relationship between natural (universal, national, peasant-communal, family, friendly) and supernatural, grace-filled unity for the description of which A. Khomyakov uses the same conceptual-figurative system, are considered. Correlations are discovered between the ambiguous ontological status of fraternal Christian unity in the conceptual constructions of A. Khomyakov and the stability of plant and water images in his poetry, associated with the motives of the accumulation of mysterious forces and their sudden breakthrough, going back, on the one hand, to «organic» theories characteristic of romantics, and on the other hand, to folkmythological ideas.
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