The article presents the aspects of sustainable planning of outdoor recreation in the protected areas with the emphasis on social carrying capacity. The starting points for the design of measures in ...the process of sustainable planning of outdoor recreation are presented and promote regular monitoring and directing of outdoor recreation in the protected areas in Slovenia and abroad, especially on the example of Triglav National Park. In the article we are trying to define which forms of outdoor recreation are from the local‘s and visitor‘s perspective recognised as sustainable.
We present a paleoenvironmental reconstruction for the mountain fringe between the South-Eastern Alps and the Northern Dinarides (NE-Italy/W-Slovenia) during the Last Glacial Maximum. We focused on a ...new sedimentary and paleoecological archive spanning the LGM acme, located in an aggrading, permanently flooded and ponded plain, dammed by an active fluvioglacial megafan. The ecosystem reconstruction, based on two high resolution pollen records, is supported by a rich plant macrofossil flora and constrained by a robust radiocarbon chronology between 26 and 22calka BP. We show evidence for persistence of boreal trees and of different open boreal forest types throughout the LGM at the south-eastern mountain fringe of the Alps and the Northern Dinarides. Fire frequency is responsible for high, oscillating forest openness. The paleobotanical record is discussed in the light of the ecogeographic diversity of the region. A belt formed by Swiss stone pine, larch and dwarf mountain pine on limestone bedrock, and accompanied by Spruce in the floodplain, extended uphill, while proximal outwash plain supported Scots pine and dwarf mountain pine. These differences arise from groundwater regimes rather than from local climate variability. A steep moisture gradient from the semiarid pedoclimatic regime prevailing in the Adriatic alluvial plain to the forested mountain fringe is related to the orographic rainout triggered by southern air circulation. Mesophytic broad-leaved forest trees did not withstand the LGM temperature extremes in zonal ecosystems at the Alpine–Dinaric fringe; however, the fossil evidence suggests a number of microrefugia in karstic and thermal spring habitats of the northern Adriatic.
•Paleoenvironmental reconstruction at Alps–Dinarides fringe during the Last Glacial Maximum•Relationships between regional geological frame, sedimentary environments, and forest history•Persistence of trees and of different types of open boreal forest throughout the LGM
In already known localities in the Julian Alps (Mangart, Malo Polje, Zeleno Jezero, Blehe under Šoštar) and in several new ones (Loška Koritnica, Bavh, Spodnji Lepoč, Mlinarica, Konjska planina, Mali ...Babanski Skedenj) we inventoried the stands along the subalpine-alpine springs and spring areas where
frequently occurs as the predominant vascular plant. We classified them into the following associations:
,
s. lat.,
(alliance
) and
(alliance
). The latter two were described as new. Based on comparisons with similar communities along mountain springs we discussed the most appropriate classification of the latter into higher syntaxonomic units.
Outside the main mountain ranges and high North and South regions, individual isolated very small glaciers are the only glacier remnants and exceptional high-mountain active geomorphosites, which can ...be used to represent climate change consequences first hand to the local general public. The isolated, very small Triglav glacier in Slovenia was used to represent 3D glacier area changes for the period 1829–2016, together with long-term meteorological changes. Spatio-temporal changes of the glacier were derived mainly from old images and postcards with the help of interactive orientation (monoplotting), which enables the acquisition of a 3D glacier boundary from a single image by using a modern detailed digital elevation model. Very intuitive 3D visualisation was prepared, which shows the spatio-temporal changes of the glacier area, together with changes in average annual temperature and maximum annual snow depth. The last two are presented by colour palettes, where red colours represent stages when temperatures or maximum snow depths deviate from long-term averages in a negative way, meaning accelerating the glacier area reduction. Blue colours are used for stages when these parameters deviate from long-term averages in a positive way, meaning preserving the glacier area. From this 3D visualisation, one can easily recognise which meteorological parameter is the most important for the Triglav glacier preservation; this is the maximum annual snow depth. Such kind of 3D visualisation has a great potential for promotion of other active or evolving passive geomorphosites too.
We conducted a phytosociological analysis of more than 250 relevés in the Julian Alps and compared them with similar communities elsewhere in the Alps and in the Dinaric Alps to describe the ...following new syntaxa of alpine swards and heathlands from the alliance
(class
):
and
the new association
from the alliance
and two new syntaxa from the alliance
(class
):
and
. Many species that are rare, of conservation concern or protected in Slovenia occur in the newly described communities.
It is well known that small glaciers of mid latitudes and especially those located at low altitude respond suddenly to climate changes both on local and global scale. For this reason their monitoring ...as well as evaluation of their extension and volume is essential. We present a ground penetrating radar (GPR) dataset acquired on September 23 and 24, 2013 on the Triglav glacier to identify layers with different characteristics (snow,
firn
, ice, debris) within the glacier and to define the extension and volume of the actual ice. Computing integrated and interpolated 3D using the whole GPR dataset, we estimate that at the moment of data acquisition the ice area was 3800 m
2
and the ice volume 7400 m
3
. Its average thickness was 1.95 m while its maximum thickness was slightly more than 5 m. Here we compare the results with a previous GPR survey acquired in 2000. A critical review of the historical data to find the general trend and to forecast a possible evolution is also presented. Between 2000 and 2013, we observed relevant changes in the internal distribution of the different units (snow,
firn
, ice) and the ice volume reduced from about 35,000 m
3
to about 7400 m
3
. Such result can be achieved only using multiple GPR surveys, which allow not only to assess the volume occupied by a glacial body, but also to image its internal structure and the actual ice volume. In fact, by applying one of the widely used empirical volume-area relations to infer the geometrical parameters of the glacier, a relevant underestimation of ice-loss would be achieved.
In Ribčev Laz near Lake Bohinj there is a model of Triglav, the highest mountain in Slovenia. Made of stones, it is the work of the painter Valentin Hodnik from Bohinj. Although it is a work of art, ...we wanted to evaluate the correctness of its shape compared to the actual mountain. We photographed it and created a point cloud model using the Structure from Motion process (SfM). By transforming the point cloud to actual size, we were able to compare it with the actual shape of the Triglav mountain range obtained from Laser Scanning of Slovenia (LSS). As expected, the shape of the model varied considerably from the actual shape of the mountain, and the scale of the individual slopes and ridges was not the same. For a qualitative evaluation of the model, we calculated the distances between the transformed model and actual surface. The average absolute distance between the nearest points in both point clouds was 41.8 m (6 cm at a built-model scale) with a standard deviation of 38.0 m (5.4 cm). The results are represented by a picture of absolute distances. We also produced a smaller 3D print of the Triglav model and the actual shape of the mountain.
U Ribčevom Lazu kraj Bohinjskog jezera nalazi se maketa Triglava, najviše planine Slovenije, izgrađena od kamena, rad slikara Valentina Hodnika iz Bohinja. Iako je umjetničko djelo, odlučili smo procijeniti točnost njezinog oblika. U tu smo svrhu snimili maketu fotografskim aparatom i korištenjem procesa struktura iz kretanja (SfM) stvorili oblak točaka. Pretvarajući taj oblak točaka u stvarnu veličinu planine, uspoređivali smo oblik makete sa stvarnim oblikom planinarskog područja Triglava dobivenim iz podataka laserskog skeniranja Slovenije (LSS). Kao što se očekivalo, oblik makete značajno odstupa od stvarnog oblika planine, a ni mjerilo pojedinih padina i grebena nije isto. Za kvalitativnu procjenu makete izračunali smo udaljenosti između najbližih točaka transformiranog modela makete i stvarne površine. Prosječna udaljenost između najbližih točaka oba modela je 41,8 m (6 cm u mjerilu makete) sa standardnom devijacijom od 38,0 m (5,4 cm). Rezultati su prikazani s pomoću slike apsolutnih udaljenosti. Osim toga, izradili smo i umanjen 3D otisak makete Triglava i stvarnog oblika planine.
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