Whenever States use force in their international relations, interstate assistance is a vital component. The book clarifies the regulation of interstate assistance to a use of force under ...international law. It comprehensively reviews the relevant practice of States in United Nations resolutions, in international treaties and in more than 25 armed conflicts - from the Korean War to the current Ukraine war. It situates the regulation within the historic development of the ius contra bellum and contextualizes it with general rules of international law on complicity. Thereby, the book also sheds light on ambiguities of the regulation, thus providing the basis for more transparency and explicit discourse among both practitioners and scholars.
Unbounded norm topology in Banach lattices Kandić, M.; Marabeh, M.A.A.; Troitsky, V.G.
Journal of mathematical analysis and applications,
07/2017, Volume:
451, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
A net (xα) in a Banach lattice X is said to un-converge to a vector x if ‖|xα−x|∧u‖→0 for every u∈X+. In this paper, we investigate un-topology, i.e., the topology that corresponds to un-convergence. ...We show that un-topology agrees with the norm topology iff X has a strong unit. Un-topology is metrizable iff X has a quasi-interior point. Suppose that X is order continuous, then un-topology is locally convex iff X is atomic. An order continuous Banach lattice X is a KB-space iff its closed unit ball BX is un-complete. For a Banach lattice X, BX is un-compact iff X is an atomic KB-space. We also study un-compact operators and the relationship between un-convergence and weak*-convergence.
The United Nations (UN) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) is the most up‐to‐date international legal instrument concerning the rights of persons with disabilities. Such ...persons are taken to include those with serious mental disorders. According to an authoritative interpretation of a crucial Article (Article 12 ‐ Equal recognition before the law) by the UN CRPD Committee, involuntary detention and treatment of people with mental health disabilities are prohibited under the Convention. Both conventional mental health law and “capacity‐based” law are deemed to violate the Convention. However, some other UN bodies are not in full agreement (for example, the UN Human Rights Committee and the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment), while others are less explicitly absolutist (for example, the Human Rights Council). Furthermore, strong criticisms of the position of the CRPD Committee have been mounted from a number of academic quarters. These criticisms center on whether the role of a person's ability to make a decision can be ignored, no matter the circumstances. Much of the above debate turns on the concept of “legal capacity” and the now often‐repeated precept that one must always respect the “will and preferences” of the person with a disability. However, “will and preferences” remains undefined. In this paper, I offer an analysis of “will and preferences” that can clarify interventions that may be acceptable or non‐acceptable under the terms of the UN Convention.
In this paper, we present LaserNet, a computationally efficient method for 3D object detection from LiDAR data for autonomous driving. The efficiency results from processing LiDAR data in the native ...range view of the sensor, where the input data is naturally compact. Operating in the range view involves well known challenges for learning, including occlusion and scale variation, but it also provides contextual information based on how the sensor data was captured. Our approach uses a fully convolutional network to predict a multimodal distribution over 3D boxes for each point and then it efficiently fuses these distributions to generate a prediction for each object. Experiments show that modeling each detection as a distribution rather than a single deterministic box leads to better overall detection performance. Benchmark results show that this approach has significantly lower runtime than other recent detectors and that it achieves state-of-the-art performance when compared on a large dataset that has enough data to overcome the challenges of training on the range view.
Conventional and advanced exergy analysis of a recompression supercritical CO2 cycle was investigated in this study. The first and second splitting levels of exergy destruction are calculated to ...determine the real potential of enhancement for the S-CO2 cycle performance. The thermodynamic cycle method of advanced exergy analysis is applied in the present work to reveal the endogenous, exogenous, avoidable, unavoidable, avoidable endogenous, unavoidable endogenous, avoidable exogenous, and unavoidable exogenous exergy destruction for each system component. The overall exergy efficiency for the system are determined as 16.63% and 17.13% under real and unavoidable conditions, respectively. Based on the total avoidable exergy destruction rate, the maximum improvement potential for the system is 106.855 MW (about 50% of the total exergy destruction), and of this avoidable value, 34.59% is endogenous, and 65.41% is exogenous. It is also revealed that, for improving the overall system performance, the priority order of components obtained by the conventional exergy analysis is different from that achieved by the advanced exergy analysis. The former suggests this order as: the reactor, the pre-cooler, the LTR, the HTR and the turbine, while the latter recommends the priority as the HTR, the turbine, and the main compressor. The results also indicate that the reactor has the least potential for improvement despite its highest exergy destruction.
•Advanced exergy analysis is performed for recompression supercritical CO2 cycle.•Detailed results and real potential of the system improvement is presented.•The total exergy destruction of the system can be reduced by up to 49.58%.•Interactions between the components of the supercritical CO2 cycle are significant.•Effective modification priorities of system components are considered.
UN-UO 2 composites are considered an accident tolerant fuel (ATF) option for light water reactors (LWRs). However, the interactions between UN and UO2 and the low oxidation resistance of UN limit the ...application of such ATF composite concept in LWRs. A potential alternative to overcome these issues is encapsulating the UN fuel before sintering. Based on our recent studies, molybdenum and tungsten are selected to encapsulate UN spheres. In this article, different coating techniques, such as powder coating, chemical vapour deposition (CVD), and physical vapour deposition (PVD), were developed and applied to encapsulate surrogates and UN spheres. Encapsulated UN-UO 2 pellets fabricated by the spark plasma sintering (SPS) method (1773 K, 80 MPa) were characterised by complementary techniques and evaluated against their oxidation resistance in air up to 973 K. The results show inert, dense, and non-uniform Mo and W layers of about 28 μm and 32 μm, respectively, obtained by the powder coating method. PVD provided uniform and dense layers of Mo and W of approximately 1.0 μm and 4.0 μm, respectively, but with cracks at the interface with the surrogate spheres. PVD-Mo onto UN spheres shows a dense and well-adhered layer of about 0.5 μm but with W contamination from the previous coating. The PVD-W and CVD-W results and the oxidation experiments will be in the final version of this manuscript.
Treba li nam UN? Šimonović, Ivan
Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta u Zagrebu,
2023, Volume:
73, Issue:
2-3
Journal Article, Paper
Peer reviewed
Open access
UN je na prekretnici. Trendovi u pogledu triju stupova na kojima počiva, mira i sigurnosti, razvoja, i ljudskih prava, negativni su. Riječ je o paradoksu: globalna koordinacija i upravljanje nikada ...nisu bili važniji – istodobno, UN nikada nije bio manje relevantan. UN očito treba bolje prilagoditi novim izazovima, ali, promijeniti njegovu Povelju je vrlo teško jer se za to traži dvotrećinska većina i suglasnost svih pet stalnih članica VS-a. Zato UN treba, koliko je god to moguće, pokušati reformirati putem inovativnih rješenja koja (premda ih izričito ne spominje) slijede duh Povelje, kao i kroz kreativnu interpretaciju njezinih odredaba te savjetodavna mišljenja Međunarodnog suda pravde. Bez obzira na kreativnost, to ipak ima ograničeni domet, te stoga treba razmišljati i o mogućnosti radikalne reforme UN-a, te alternativnim modelima globalne koordinacije i upravljanja, razraditi odgovarajuće prijedloge te nadati se da će se zvijezde ipak jednom posložiti za njihovo prihvaćanje.
•Oxidation resistance of UN/U2N3-UO2 with initial 10 wt% microspheres is better than UO2.•Oxidation onset temperatures are equivalents when using 30 wt% or 50 wt% microspheres.•UO2 acts as a ...protective barrier for the nitride phases.•TGA triplicate measurements confirm good repeatability and reliability of the results.•Oxidation mechanism for UN/U2N3-UO2 composites is proposed.
Composite fuels such as UN-UO2 are being considered to address the lower oxidation resistance of the UN fuel from a safety perspective for use in light water reactors, whilst improving the in-reactor behaviour of the more ubiquitous UO2 fuel. An innovative UN-UO2 accident tolerant fuel has recently been fabricated and studied: UN microspheres embedded in UO2 matrix. In the present study, detailed oxidative thermogravimetric investigations (TGA/DSC) of high-density UN/U2N3-UO2 composite fuels (91-97 %TD), as well as post oxidised microstructures obtained by SEM, are reported and analysed. Triplicate TGA measurements of each specimen were carried out at 5 K/min up to 973 K in a synthetic air atmosphere to assess their oxidation kinetics. The mass variation due to the oxidation reactions (%), the oxidation onset temperatures (OOTs), and the maximum reaction temperatures (MRTs) are also presented and discussed. The results show that all composites have similar post oxidised microstructures with mostly intergranular cracking and spalling. The oxidation resistance of the pellet with initially 10 wt% of UN microspheres is surprisingly better than the UO2 reference. Moreover, there is no significant difference in the OOT (~557 K) and MRT (~615 K) when 30 wt% or 50 wt% of embedded UN microspheres are used. Therefore, the findings in this article demonstrate that the UO2 matrix acts as a barrier to improve the oxidation resistance of the nitride phases at the beginning of life conditions.
To many, asylums are a relic of a bygone era. State governments took steps between 1950 and 1990 to minimize the involuntary confinement of people in psychiatric hospitals, and many mental health ...facilities closed down. Yet, as Anne Parsons reveals, the asylum did not die during deinstitutionalization. Instead, it returned in the modern prison industrial complex as the government shifted to a more punitive, institutional approach to social deviance. Parsons shows how the lack of community-based services, a fear-based politics around mental illness, and the economics of institutions meant that closing mental hospitals fed a cycle of incarceration that became an epidemic.This groundbreaking book recasts the political narrative of the late twentieth century, as Parsons charts how the politics of mass incarceration shaped the deinstitutionalization of psychiatric hospitals and mental health policy making. In doing so, she offers critical insight into how the prison took the place of the asylum in crucial ways, shaping the rise of the prison industrial complex.
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