Die digitale Revolution fordert ihren Tribut: Globale Plattformen wie Facebook, Twitter oder TikTok verdrängen immer mehr die traditionellen, national verankerten Medien. Dies führt auch ...regulatorisch zu gewaltigen Umbrüchen. Im Zentrum möglicher Regulierungen steht immer stärker die öffentliche Kommunikation als Totalphänomen mit pathologischen Begleiterscheinungen wie Fake News, Desinformation und Hate Speech. Urs Saxer analysiert die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des nationalen Rechts beim Schutz von Grundrechten sowie von Rechtsgütern des Einzelnen und der Allgemeinheit sowie die Rolle der Plattformen als globale Kommunikationsinfrastrukturen. Des Weiteren untersucht er die komplexen Grundrechtsverhältnisse im Verhältnis zwischen Staat, Plattformen und individuellen Nutzern sowie den Einfluss der europäischen und globalen Regelungsebene. Das traditionelle Medienrecht erweist sich als Auslaufmodell. Es wird von einem mehrdimensionalen Neben- und teilweise auch Durcheinander diverser Normen und Regeln auf verschiedenen Ebenen mit unterschiedlicher normativer Qualität abgelöst. In deren Zentrum stehen die Plattformen.
Die jüngst erfolgte Gründung einer Europäischen Staatsanwaltschaft bestätigt die Entwicklung, dass Strafrecht für die Europäische Union zu einem immer wichtigeren Rechts- und Politikfeld wird. Im ...Kontrast zu der steigenden Bedeutung des EU-Strafrechts steht das weitgehende Fehlen konzeptioneller Überlegungen. Weder von Seiten der Politik noch der Strafrechtswissenschaft lassen sich übergreifende Leitlinien für die Gestaltung des Rechtsbereichs im Spannungsfeld zwischen der EU-Ebene und der ihrer Mitgliedsstaaten erkennen. Vor diesem Hintergrund wendet sich Lukas Huthmann der Aufgabe zu, einen konzeptionellen Ansatz für die europäische Integration des Straf- und Strafverfahrensrechts zu entwickeln. Mit dem "EU-Strafverfassungsrecht" entwirft er in Grundzügen eine spezifische Perspektive, die dabei helfen soll, eine legitime weitere Entwicklung des Strafrechts in der EU sicherzustellen.
Vor dem Gesetz sind alle gleich. Gerade dieser Grundsatz ist es, der von einer zunehmenden Zahl ökonomisch geprägter Rechtswissenschaftlerinnen und Rechtswissenschaftler aus den USA in Frage gestellt ...wird. Neue Informationstechnologien ermöglichen es, Werbung und Preise zu personalisieren und so Gewinne zu maximieren. Warum sollten dann nicht auch die Rechtsnormen unter Zuhilfenahme von Big Data personalisiert werden, sofern sich damit Wohlstandsgewinne erzielen lassen? Philip Maximilian Bender tritt diesem Personalisierungsprojekt entgegen. Sein Ziel ist es, Bewusstsein für den Wert generellen Rechts zu schaffen, um einem schleichenden Systemwandel vorzubeugen. Eine auf Algorithmen aufbauende, allein an ökonomischen Erwägungen ausgerichtete Rechtssetzung würde - so die zentrale These - die Grundlagen einer liberalen Gesellschaftsordnung angreifen und in ein System mikrosozialistischer Fremdsteuerung münden.
The COVID-19 pandemic has completely changed the way we relate, both personally and socially, and at work. Isolation, confinement, restrictions or fear of contagion have led to the need to adapt to a ...virtual reality. And so, although many sectors have been paralyzed, many others are experiencing an express maturation thanks to the phenomenon of the Internet. In the field of justice, it has also been proposed to implement the judicial processes in a telematic way. However, the Spanish system is not yet ready to face virtual reality. Spain is suffering a significant collapse in the courts, due to the unprecedented health crisis. It is therefore necessary to promote alternative processes of conflict resolution, embodied in restorative justice, as an expeditious and effective way out of this saturation of the judicial system. To this end, it is vital to have sufficient regulatory support to regulate such reparation processes, such as criminal mediation, which lacks systematic regulation in our legal system, as well as to enable online sessions in order for us to embrace the new virtual reality defined after the pandemic.
The accelerated and continued development of information technology and telecommunications led to an unprecedented growth of the possibilities to conduct activities in any field, especially in the ...economic, financial, administrative and legal areas. Currently, we can remotely access information resources, conclude contracts, we have and use electronic payment methods, we use systems to electronically transfer money and trade and many of the like. Thus, development of a trusted context is a prerequisite, given the potential risks, which may occur when we perform activities using on-line electronic systems: party identification, data transfer, securing payments, also taking into account the legal framework still insufficiently clear about consumer protection. Any economic activity is prone to fraud, so issues arise when it is found that resolving these conflicts requires increased attention, especially in the field of electronic trade. At European Union level, these issues have been and are being hotly debated, with the Union aiming to provide a common basis for secure electronic interactions between citizens, businesses and public authorities, in order to increase the efficiency of online public and private sector services, ebusiness and e-commerce in the Union. This paper proposes a brief foray into the Union and national legislative framework governing the use of electronic signature and an overview of the most important risks that its use may raise, especially from the perspective of cybercrime.
The notion of “habitual residence” of the child is referred to in different juridical instruments, belonging to both national and international areas, which nevertheless do not define the notion. ...Given that the habitual residence must be determined in concreto in case of litigations, courts worldwide (national and international) have been forced to shape their own standards. The purpose of the article is to analyse this notion in the particular situation of international child abduction, given the continuously increasing number of cases where children are moved from one state to another, in the context of both free movement of citizens, but also respect for family life. Hence, the objectives of the present study are to identify legal instruments applying in case of an international child abduction and also the case law of both national and international courts, relevant in connection to the notion of “habitual residence”. Furthermore, in the context of lack of definition, absent juridical criteria and divided case-law, the study aims to identify the criteria that should be taken into consideration by national courts when establishing the state of habitual residence of the child.
This paper aims at studying the criminal liability according to the Spanish law of transnational companies for imposing forced labour on citizens in other countries. The objective is to elucidate ...whether, under the Spanish law, it is possible to penalise Spanish companies that carry out these practices abroad, practices that are clearly harmful to fundamental rights. For criminal prosecution in Spain to be possible, certain requirements must be met. First, it is necessary that the Spanish Criminal Code acknowledges that legal persons can be held liable. This is a reality since year 2010, although there are a number of problems in attributing responsibility to the parent company for the conducts carried out abroad by the subsidiary. Second, it is required that the Spanish Criminal Code expressly provides that legal persons may be responsible for this type of offences (offences against workers” rights). This is not currently foreseen by the Spanish Criminal Code. Third, it is needed that the Spanish courts are able to prosecute extraterritoriality these criminal offences. This is not possible at the moment according to the current Spanish legislation. Given the situation described, this paper proposes the necessary legal reforms to make it possible to penalise Spanish companies that impose forced labour practices abroad since these practices entail violations of fundamental rights.
The legal capacity of the individual in international law is of a complex nature. As a subject in the legal field, the natural person has allowed to reframe the prevailing orthodoxy of the ...international legal order through jurisprudence. Case by case, the individual is contributing to the structural transformation the world is embedded in by standing for their fundamental rights and freedoms before international courts. Drawing on this bottom-up understanding, this article sets out to discuss whether and to what extent are individual’s complaints capable of having an impact on human rights legislation through case law. For this question to be answered, this article begins by providing an overview of the evolution that the international capacity of the human person has undergone in the last decades. This is followed by a comprehensive analysis of the individual complaint procedures foreseen by international legal orders, as well as a comparative research aimed at gathering insights on the access to justice granted to natural persons by European, African and American regional human rights protection systems. Next, the paper assesses the dichotomy between monism and dualism in the particular case of Spain, a debate that is gaining ground in the ambit of the direct application of international law in the domestic legislation. Finally, this article casts doubts on the legitimacy and binding power of human rights international treaties: it is hard to perceive these legal texts as mandatory if they are subjected to national authorities’ willingness to incorporate international legal dispositions and resolution into internal legislation.
The state has the negative and positive obligation to not violate basic rights of human rights. But the state also must fighting crime. As in legal systems of many countries, evidence and ...substantiation of cybercrime under Turkish law constitutes an issue of major importance. Inadequacy of legislation, discrepancies between national law and initiatives in international judicial cooperation, lack of specialized authorities, shortage of personnel and experts with knowledge and expertise in cybercrime, and absence of specialized prosecutors and courts on cybercrime are factors which contribute to difficulties in fighting cybercrime.
With nearly 85% of worldwide organizations being hit at least once, the Phishing attack has become one of the most significant cybercrime vectors that affect the business environment annually, with ...great loss in terms of money, assets, financial and personal data, confidential information and intellectual property rights. Hackers evolved both in sophistication and persistence of the methods they use in performing these attacks, while 97% of the users are still unable to roughly or properly recognize a simple phishing email. Amongst different types of Phishing, the Business Email Compromise variant represents one of the most employed tool by attackers for hacking human minds, and manipulate victims into performing various actions that eventually cause them loss. Most of the national legislations already have legal provisions to cope with this kind of menace, but the trend is to treat such scam as cyber-related offence or crime, based on the simple reason that it is performed by information technology means. While the judicial practice in this scenario is often ripped off by different interpretations of the existing legal provisions available, this material tries to come up with the most suitable criminal indictment solutions for this fraud, highlighting both technical and legal aspects that may help judges, prosecutors, lawyers, law enforcement agents and other legal practitioners in properly solving their cases.
