The status of substantive legitimate expectations in New Zealand administrative law remains to be authoritatively determined. Questions swirl regarding what standard of review our courts will apply ...to the frustration of an expectation and how substantive expectations should be enforced. However, one question that appears not to have been examined in detail in our local academic commentary is one of doctrinal structure; namely, what extent of the doctrine should New Zealand courts recognise? This fundamental question arises because properly construed the English jurisprudence on substantive legitimate expectations consists of three distinct varieties or species of expectations, each distinguishable on both contextual and normative grounds. Deciding which of these varieties should be given effect in New Zealand and which should be ignored will have ramifications for the doctrine's coherence, scope and ultimate success in New Zealand law. This article seeks to construct a practical framework for New Zealand courts to resolve this question of doctrinal structure and give effect to substantive legitimate expectations.
The commented judgement concerns an allegation of discrimination in the recruitment process for studies preparing to become a military doctor, when the national authorities denied a female-applicant ...the right to take the military medical school entrance exam on the basis of her height (she was 150 cm tall and weighed 44 kg). The Ministry of National Defence argued that the law required all military personnel to be able to perform any mission, and that this meant being able to carry a standard soldier’s kit weighing around 57 kg. The European Court of Human Rights found that the reasons why the applicant was treated differently from other women – who met the weight and height requirements – were not “relevant and sufficient”. In particular, the national courts accepted the MND’s argument equating size with strength. Even though size had recently been eliminated from the list of selection criteria and that the applicant was now free to apply to the military academy of her choice, the Court found that she had been unfairly disadvantaged at the time of her application. The co-authors of the gloss agree with the position of the Court and the reasoning presented, while addressing both: the philosophical grounds of the equality principle and the evolution of the judicial dialogue between the ECHR and the CJEU.
"What is the educational, engineering, economic, social impact in terms of sustainable development?" this is the central question of the present work that addresses the issue of uncertainty in ...sustainability. The role of transformation in sustainable learning must be considered. There are not many studies that examine the extent to which transformation and learning issues related to sustainable development can be integrated. It discusses the role of education in promoting the concept of sustainability and how the link between: 1. Quality education; 2. Education for sustainable development (education for sustainable development - ESD) and 3. Education on disaster risk reduction (disaster risk reduction - DRR - education). One goal of learning is adaptive capacity. Another question we sought to answer is: "How can we best prepare for change and what role will education play in this?" Key findings, drawn from a range of international contexts, include broad evidence that education providers want to approach sustainability from an integrative perspective. This approach requires more administrative resources to develop formal and hidden mechanisms of the curriculum. We believe it is necessary for educational institutions to transform themselves to serve as models of social justice and environmental stewardship to promote education for sustainability. Because education should also aim at modules that prepare young people for the future, we emphasized concern for sustainable education through a case study that presents a proposal to revitalize the social and cultural life of the Municipality of Târgu Mureș, by the LUMINEX team. Young people want a change for the better, being concerned about the future and sustainability. In conclusion, an additional consideration is the value that both creativity and flexibility have in relation to a person's adaptability.
O presente artigo trata do novo regime de responsabilidade civil extracontratual administrativa previsto recentemente pelo legislador angolano. Por via da previsäo de várias modalidades de ...responsabilidade civil administrativa: por factos ilícitos, no ámbito da formaçâo dos contratos públicos e pelo risco, criou-se um regime bastante sólido de reparaçâo de danos causados pelo Estado e outras pessoas coletivas públicas. No entanto, algumas das opçoes legislativas merecem um tratamento teórico crítico, com destaque para a opçâo legislativa de a responsabilidade civil pela atividade administrativa com culpa leve apenas cobrir os danos especiais e anormais e näo todo o tipo de danos, ficando, assim, desprotegido o lesado.
Abstract
This article combines administrative data on housing transactions with monthly crime data for the years 2014–18 to investigate the link between residential turnover and crime. Using a panel ...of 34,753 small neighbourhoods in England and Wales as well as street-level data for London, estimates from models with multiple fixed effects suggest that higher turnover is associated with higher overall crime rates. These effects are small and driven by increases in property and violent crime. Using information on price growth, I document differential effects for high-turnover, high price growth (‘attractive’) and high turnover, low price growth (‘declining’) areas.
Cybersecurity in Poland Chałubińska-Jentkiewicz, Katarzyna; Radoniewicz, Filip; Zieliński, Tadeusz
2022, 2021, 2021-10-27
eBook
Open access
This open access book explores the legal aspects of cybersecurity in Poland. The authors are not limited to the framework created by the NCSA (National Cybersecurity System Act – this act was the ...first attempt to create a legal regulation of cybersecurity and, in addition, has implemented the provisions of the NIS Directive) but may discuss a number of other issues. The book presents international and EU regulations in the field of cybersecurity and issues pertinent to combating cybercrime and cyberterrorism. Moreover, regulations concerning cybercrime in a few select European countries are presented in addition to the problem of collision of state actions in ensuring cybersecurity and human rights. The advantages of the book include a comprehensive and synthetic approach to the issues related to the cybersecurity system of the Republic of Poland, a research perspective that takes as the basic level of analysis issues related to the security of the state and citizens, and the analysis of additional issues related to cybersecurity, such as cybercrime, cyberterrorism, and the problem of collision between states ensuring security cybernetics and human rights. The book targets a wide range of readers, especially scientists and researchers, members of legislative bodies, practitioners (especially judges, prosecutors, lawyers, law enforcement officials), experts in the field of IT security, and officials of public authorities. Most authors are scholars and researchers at the War Studies University in Warsaw. Some of them work at the Academic Centre for Cybersecurity Policy – a thinktank created by the Ministry of National Defence of the Republic of Poland.
El autor analiza algunos de los fundamentos del Derecho administrativo proyectados en la contratación pública, primero se examina el binomio central del sistema administrativo en Italia constituido ...por los derechos subjetivos e intereses legítimos y, luego, se aborda la configuración de la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa italiana la que concentra su desarrollo a partir del mencionado binomio. La contratación pública y el Derecho administrativo, o viceversa, caminan unidos en la historia y se conviven a partir de ciertas instituciones y procedimientos que se presentan en este trabajo como fundamentos para la protección de los derechos e intereses legítimos del ciudadano frente al poder discrecional de la Administración Pública.
Derecho administrativo y tecnología Lorenzo, María Josefina; Nessar de Lenoble, Silvana; Fischer, Gustavo
Revista de derecho (Universidad de Montevideo (1997- ). Facultad de Derecho),
12/2020, Volume:
19, Issue:
38
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
El Grupo de Investigación y Estudio en Derecho Administrativo de la Universidad de Montevideo ya en 2009 abordó el estudio del fenómeno del “teletrabajo” en la Administración Pública, al reflexionar ...sobre el Decreto No. 420/007 de 7 de noviembre de 2007 y sus modernas formas de prestación de la función pública. La realidad de la pandemia de COVID-19, que ha puesto de relieve esta modalidad de trabajo, justifica retomar aquellas ideas y analizarlas en su desarrollo y bajo la nueva realidad, con el ánimo de aportar al estudio y discusión de esta forma de prestación de función pública. Así, en este trabajo se releva y actualiza el fenómeno del teletrabajo en la Administración Pública en el derecho comparado, específicamente en España, y en el Gobierno Federal de los Estados Unidos. Pasando luego al análisis de la normativa existente en el Derecho Positivo de Uruguay, y el examen de los antecedentes normativos en el área de teletrabajo y tecnología. Para, finalmente, valorar virtudes, defectos y prospectiva del teletrabajo en la Función Pública.
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