In the Western world, the modern view of childhood as a space protected from broader adult society first became a dominant social vision during the nineteenth century. Many of the West's sharpest ...portrayals of children in literature and the arts emerged at that time in both Europe and the United States and continue to organize our perceptions and sensibilities to this day. But that childhood is now being recreated. Many social and political developments since the end of the World War II have fundamentally altered the lives children lead and are now beginning to transform conceptions of childhood.Reinventing Childhood After World War IIbrings together seven prominent historians of modern childhood to identify precisely what has changed in children's lives and why. Topics range from youth culture to children's rights; from changing definitions of age to nontraditional families; from parenting styles to how American experiences compare with those of the rest of the Western world. Taken together, the essays argue that children's experiences have changed in such dramatic and important ways since 1945 that parents, other adults, and girls and boys themselves have had to reinvent almost every aspect of childhood.Reinventing Childhood After World War IIpresents a striking interpretation of the nature and status of childhood that will be essential to students and scholars of childhood, as well as policy makers, educators, parents, and all those concerned with the lives of children in the world today.
Keywords Error-related negativity; ERN; Impulsivity; BIS; Development; Adolescence Objectives Previous studies have postulated that the error-related negativity (ERN) may reflect individual ...differences in impulsivity; however, none have used a longitudinal framework or evaluated impulsivity as a multidimensional construct. The current study evaluated whether ERN amplitude, measured in childhood and adolescence, is predictive of impulsiveness during adolescence. Methods Seventy-five children participated in this study, initially at ages 7--9 years and again at 12--18 years. The interval between testing sessions ranged from 5 to 9 years. The ERN was extracted in response to behavioural errors produced during a modified visual flanker task at both time points (i.e. childhood and adolescence). Participants also completed the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale - a measure that considers impulsiveness to comprise three core sub-traits - during adolescence. Results At adolescence, the ERN amplitude was significantly larger than during childhood. Additionally, ERN amplitude during adolescence significantly predicted motor impulsiveness at that time point, after controlling for age, gender, and the number of trials included in the ERN. In contrast, ERN amplitude during childhood did not uniquely predict impulsiveness during adolescence. Conclusions These findings provide preliminary evidence that ERN amplitude is an electrophysiological marker of self-reported motor impulsiveness (i.e. acting without thinking) during adolescence. Author Affiliation: (a) School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Mailbag M304, 35 Stirling Highway Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia (b) School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 19 September 2017; Revised 9 January 2018; Accepted 9 January 2018 Byline: Jasmine B. Taylor jasmine.taylor@research.uwa.edu.au (a,*), Troy A.W. Visser (a), Simone N. Fueggle (a), Mark A. Bellgrove (b), Allison M. Fox (a)
The uncinate fasciculus is a major white matter tract that provides a crucial link between areas of the human brain that underlie emotion processing and regulation. Specifically, the uncinate ...fasciculus is the major direct fiber tract that connects the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala. The aim of the present study was to use a multi-modal imaging approach in order to simultaneously examine the relation between structural connectivity of the uncinate fasciculus and functional activation of the amygdala in a youth sample (children and adolescents). Participants were 9 to 19 years old and underwent diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Results indicate that greater structural connectivity of the uncinate fasciculus predicts reduced amygdala activation to sad and happy faces. This effect is moderated by age, with younger participants exhibiting a stronger relation. Further, decreased amygdala activation to sad faces predicts lower internalizing symptoms. These results provide important insights into brain structureafunction relationships during adolescence, and suggest that greater structural connectivity of the uncinate fasciculus may facilitate regulation of the amygdala, particularly during early adolescence. These findings also have implications for understanding the relation between brain structure, function, and the development of emotion regulation difficulties, such as internalizing symptoms.
Background: This study examined functioning of the Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) axis, a neurobiological stress system centrally implicated in depression, as a predictor of treatment response ...to Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depressed Adolescents (IPT-A; Mufson et al., 2004. Interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents. (second ed.). New York, Guilford Press).
Objective: Globally, recommendations differ on the ideal angle of needle insertion to ensure vaccinate deposition in muscle for optimal safety and immunogenicity. This study aimed to compare the ...level of vaccinate deposition during vaccination, using two different needle angles (60 degree and 90 degree ), in young children, adolescents and adults. Methods: In this randomized cross-over study, two doses of a licensed hepatitis vaccine, were administered to study participants, at a 60 degree or 90 degree angle using a fixed template. Ultrasonography was performed with a Philips iu22 ultrasound system. Real time clips and hard copies of images were recorded showing the injection and level of deposition of the vaccinate. Reactogenicity at the site of administration was assessed by participants/parents. Results: Nineteen participants were enrolled including children, adolescents and adults. Of the total 38 injections performed, 29 (76%) were confirmed by ultrasound as intramuscular (IM), 3 (8%) as not IM, and 6 (16%) unknown. For vaccinations visualised and administered at 60 degree , 87% (13/15) were intramuscular vs 94.1% (16/17) for those administered at 90 degree . A body mass index (BMI) less than or equal to 25 was associated with a higher likelihood of IM injection compared to BMI>25 (p = 0.038). There were no differences in reactogenicity for either 60 degree or 90 degree angle of administration. Conclusion: For the majority of vaccinees, a 60-90 degree angle of vaccine administration is appropriate for IM deposition of vaccinate. The likelihood of intramuscular deposition is reduced for individuals with a BMI>25. The increasing rates of obesity globally highlight the importance of tailoring vaccination procedures accordingly.
PDF
