Neural substrates of decision-making Broche-Pérez, Y.; Herrera Jiménez, L.F.; Omar-Martínez, E.
Neurología (Barcelona, English ed. ),
June 2016, 2016-06-00, 2016-06-01, Volume:
31, Issue:
5
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Decision-making is the process of selecting a course of action from among 2 or more alternatives by considering the potential outcomes of selecting each option and estimating its consequences in the ...short, medium and long term. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) has traditionally been considered the key neural structure in the decision-making process. However, new studies support the hypothesis that describes a complex neural network including both cortical and subcortical structures.
The aim of this review is to summarise evidence on the anatomical structures underlying the decision-making process, considering new findings that support the existence of a complex neural network that gives rise to this complex neuropsychological process.
Current evidence shows that the cortical structures involved in decision-making include the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). This process is assisted by subcortical structures including the amygdala, thalamus, and cerebellum.
Findings to date show that both cortical and subcortical brain regions contribute to the decision-making process. The neural basis of decision-making is a complex neural network of cortico-cortical and cortico-subcortical connections which includes subareas of the PFC, limbic structures, and the cerebellum.
La toma de decisiones (TD) puede definirse como la selección de una alternativa dentro de un rango de opciones existentes, considerando los posibles resultados de las selecciones realizadas y sus consecuencias en el comportamiento presente y futuro. Tradicionalmente, se ha afirmado que desde el punto de vista anatómico la base neural fundamental de este proceso lo constituye la corteza prefrontal (CPF); sin embargo, nuevos estudios validan la hipótesis de la existencia de una compleja red neural que incluyen estructuras tanto corticales como subcorticales.
La presente revisión tiene como objetivo resumir la evidencia sobre las bases anatómicas relacionadas con el proceso de toma de decisiones tomando en consideración la información disponible hasta la actualidad, que valida la existencia de una compleja red neural que sirve de soporte a este complejo proceso neuropsicológico.
La evidencia contemporánea indica que dentro de las bases neurales de la TD se encuentran regiones de la CPF como la corteza orbitofrontal, dorsolateral y el giro cingulado anterior. Además, el proceso es asistido por regiones subcorticales, como la amígdala, el hipocampo y el cerebelo.
Los resultados hasta el momento demuestran la importancia de las estructuras corticales y subcorticales en la toma de decisiones. Las bases neurales de la TD consisten en una compleja red neural con conexiones cortico-corticales y cortico-subcorticales, que incluyen tanto las subdivisiones de la CPF como las estructuras límbicas y el cerebelo.
Os efeitos de omissão do reforço têm sido tradicionalmente interpretados em termos de: facilitação comportamental após a omissão do reforço induzida por frustração ou supressão comportamental após a ...liberação do reforço induzida pelo estado pós-consumatório. Os estudos revisados indicam que a amígdala está envolvida na modulação destes efeitos. Porém, o fato de que lesões da amígdala, amplas ou seletivas, podem eliminar, reduzir ao até mesmo potencializar os efeitos de omissão torna mais difícil compreender qual é a natureza exata do seu envolvimento. A amígdala está relacionada a uma série de funções e cada uma delas depende de suas conexões com outros sistemas cerebrais. Assim, pode haver necessidade de se considerar o envolvimento de uma rede neural mais complexa na modulação dos efeitos de omissão do reforço. A conexão de subáreas da amígdala com estruturas corticais e subcorticais pode estar envolvida nesta modulação, uma vez que também estão ligadas a processos relacionados a recompensas e expectativa.
The aim of this investigation was to establish the presence and prevalence of streptococci, enterococci and streptococci-like bacteria in various materials originating from healthy, slaughtered and ...dead pigs belonging to different categories from several farms and slaughterhouses in the Republic of Serbia. The total number of investigated samples comprised 226 swabs of tonsils and noses from clinically healthy breeders, swabs of tonsils from piglets 5-20 days old, parts of nasopharyngeal tonsils from breeders slaughtered in a slaughterhouse, parts of nasopharyngeal tonsils from piglets slaughtered in a slaughterhouse, swabs of slaughtered pig carcasses from a slaughterhouse, swabs from knives for evisceration in a slaughterhouse, as well as swabs of lungs, abdominal cavity and organs from piglets which died suddenly. The standard microbiological methods were used for investigations of the presence of the listed microorganisms. Commercial biochemical tests were used for the identification of the isolated bacteria and specific sera for capsular antigenes were used for serological determination of the isolated S. suis strains. It was established that the great majority of the isolated strains belonged to the genus Streptococcus (36) (75%), and the minority of the strains belonged to the following genera: Enterococcus (6) (10.4%), Aerococcus (3) (6.2%), Lactococcus (2) (4.2%) and Globicatella (2) (4.2%). The great majority of Streptococcus species belonged to S. suis. The presence of other á haemolytic streptococci was established in the swabs of nasopharyngeal tonsils: Streptococcus sanguinis (13.8%), Streptococcus salivarius (5.6%), Streptococcus mitis (5.6%), Streptococcus parasanguinis (2.7%) and Streptococcus oralis (2.7%). Also, S. bovis was isolated in a smaller percentage (5.6%). The greatest number of isolated bacteria from the genus Enterococcus belonged to Enterococcus faecalis (80%), while the minority of isolated strains belonged to Enterococcus faecium (20%). The following from the streptococci-like bacteria were isolated: Aerococcus viridans, Globicatella sanguinis and Lactococcus lactis ssp.cremoris.
OBJETIVO: Verificar alterações na fala em crianças respiradoras orais e relacioná-las com o tipo respiratório, a etiologia, o gênero e a idade. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados 439 respiradores orais com ...idade entre quatro e 12 anos. Considerou-se atraso no desenvolvimento de fala a presença de alterações em crianças acima de cinco anos de idade. As alterações observadas foram interposição de língua (IL), ceceio frontal (CF), troca articulatória (TA), omissões (OM) e ceceio lateral (CL). Relacionou-se etiologia da respiração oral, gênero, idade, tipo respiratório e alterações de fala. RESULTADOS: Alterações de fala foram diagnosticadas em 31,2% dos pacientes sem relação com o tipo respiratório: oral ou misto. Maior frequência de trocas articulatórias e mais de uma alteração de fala ocorreram no gênero masculino. IL foi documentada em 53,3% pacientes, seguida por TA em 26,3% e CF em 21,9%. Concomitância de duas ou mais alterações de fala ocorreu em 24,8% das crianças. CONCLUSÃO: Respirar pela boca pode afetar o desenvolvimento da fala, a socialização e o desempenho escolar. A detecção precoce da respiração oral é essencial para prevenir e minimizar seus efeitos negativos sobre o desenvolvimento global dos indivíduos.
We developed a PCR assay for the rapid and sensitive detection of virulent
Streptococcus suis type 2 and highly virulent
S. suis type 1 in tonsillar specimens from pigs. The PCR primers were based on ...the sequence of the gene encoding the EF-protein of virulent
S. suis type 2 strains (MRP
+EF
+) and highly virulent
S. suis type 1 strains (MRP
sEF
+) and of the EF
* protein of weakly virulent
S. suis type 2 strains (MRP
+EF
*). The latter strains give rise to larger PCR products than the virulent strains of
S. suis type 1 and 2. A positive control template was included in the assay to identify false negative results. The PCR was evaluated using tonsillar specimens from herds known (or suspected) to be infected and herds without an
S. suis history. The results obtained with the PCR assay were compared with the results obtained with a newly developed bacteriological examination. In this bacteriological examination we were able to identify the EF-positive strains directly in the tonsillar specimens. From the 99 tonsils examined, 48 were positive in the PCR and 51 negative. All specimens from which EF-positive
S. suis strains were isolated were also positive in the PCR assay. Three samples were positive in the PCR, but negative by bacteriological examination. The results demonstrated that the PCR is a highly specific and sensitive diagnostic tool for the detection of pigs carrying virulent strains of
S. suis type 2 and highly virulent strains of type 1. Application of the assay may contribute to the control of
S. suis infections.
The data about the topography and morphology of the paraepiglottic tonsil (tonsilla paraepiglottica; TPE) in pigs are not enough. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine its ...topography, morphological traits and some morphometric parameters in Bulgarian White × Landrace pig crosses. It was found that TPE was situated in pars laryngea pharyngis, dorsolaterally to vallecula epiglottica on the lateral syrface of lig. thyroepiglotticum. It is a paired macroscopically visible formation with grooves and the following dimensions (mean ± SEM): length – 15.8±0.4 mm in male and 16.2±0.4 in female; width –8.3 ± 0.1 mm in male and 8.2±0.1 mm in female. The shape of the tonsil is mainly elliptical, and in some instances – oval. It is sharply delineated and prominated over the adjacent tissues. On longitudinal sections, the number of lymph nodules was 75.0±0.9 in male and 76.2±0.9 in female pigs, whereas on transverse sections –33.4 ± 0.9 and 34.9±0.9 respectively. The stratified epithelium of the tonsil located on the part of recessus piriformis, was infiltrated with lymphocytes at some areas. The tonsillar crypt numbers on longitudinal sections were 6.6±0.2 and 6.8±0.2 in male and female pigs, respectively, and on transverse sections - 6.5 ± 0.1 (male) and 6.4±0.1 (female). The base of the tonsil was differentiated from adjacent tissues by a well-definedould be used in forensic medicine to prove the species of semen specificity.
CD 57 expression on lymphocytes present in the caecum and caecum tonsils in broilers infected with Eimeria tenella Ilic, T., University of Belgrade, Belgrade (Serbia). Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Aleksic-Kovacevic, S., University of Belgrade, Belgrade (Serbia). Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Knezevic, M., University of Belgrade, Belgrade (Serbia). Faculty of Veterinary Medicine ...
Acta veterinaria (Beograd),
(2009), Volume:
59, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
In order to detect and establish the expression of the CD57 lymphocyte population in the caecum and caecum tonsils in broilers, immunohistochemical studies of tissue samples of broilers ...experimentally infected with Eimeria tenella at 21 days of age were carried out. Immunohistochemical investigations were performed with the aid of the avidin-biotin technique (LSAB), by using mouse monoclonal anti-CD57 antibodies. The established CD57 lymphocyte population activity in the caecum and caecum tonsils substantiates the existence of NK cytotoxic activity of intraepithelial lymphocytes, as well as the role of these cells in the intestinal mucose defense mechanisms against intracellular microorganisms.
Objetivo: Analizar, con resonancia magnética, las variaciones de posición de la amígdala cerebelosa, antes de corregir la deformidad espinal mediante una artrodesis vertebral posterior instrumentada ...y después, en pacientes con escoliosis idiopática del adolescente sin sintomatología neurológica. Materiales y Métodos: Se evaluaron retrospectivamente 40 pacientes con escoliosis idiopática del adolescente, sin síntomas neurológicos y sometidos a una artrodesis vertebral posterior instrumentada para corregir la deformidad espinal. A todos se les realizó una resonancia magnética de la fosa cerebral posterior y de la columna cervical, antes de la cirugía espinal y después de ella. Resultados: La magnitud preoperatoria promedio de la curva escoliótica fue de 53,15° y la de la cifosis torácica fue de 35,42º. En el posoperatorio inmediato, la magnitud promedio fue de 7,45º y de 27,87º, respectivamente. El valor promedio de la longitud de la columna en el plano coronal fue de 44,5 cm en el preoperatorio y de 48,27 cm en el posoperatorio. El valor promedio de la longitud de la columna vertebral en el plano sagital fue de 50,87 cm en el preoperatorio y de 55,13 cm en el posoperatorio. No se observó una diferencia significativa respecto de la posición de la amígdala cerebelosa en las mediciones antes de corregir la deformidad espinal y después (p = 0,6042). Conclusión: No se observó una variación significativa en la ubicación de la amígdala cerebelosa respecto del agujero occipital en pacientes con escoliosis idiopática del adolescente que fueron sometidos artrodesis vertebral posterior instrumentada para corregir la deformidad espinal.
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