This work responds to the need to find, in a sole document, the affect of oxidative stress at different levels, as well as treatment with antioxidants to revert and diminish the damage. Oxidative ...Stress and Chronic Degenerative Diseases - a Role for Antioxidants is written for health professionals by researchers at diverse educative institutions (Mexico, Brazil, USA, Spain, Australia, and Slovenia). I would like to underscore that of the 19 chapters, 14 are by Mexican researchers, which demonstrates the commitment of Mexican institutions to academic life and to the prevention and treatment of chronic degenerative diseases.
The auto-oxidation of oxyhaemoglobin to methaemoglobin generating superoxide anion radical (O2.-) represents the main source of free radicals in the erythro-cytes. Hydrogen peroxide is produced by ...O2.- dismutation or originates from the circulation. Human erythrocytes are also exposed to the prooxidative actions of nitric oxide (NO) from circulation. Free radicals that may induce reactions with direct dangerous consequences to erythrocytes are also preceded by the reaction of O2.- and NO producing peroxynitrite. In physiological settings, erythrocytes show a self-sustaining activity of antioxidative defence (AD) enzymes, such as: superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.11.16), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx, EC 1.11.1.9) and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2), as well as low molecular weight antioxidants: glutathione and vitamins E and C. Their coordinate actions protect the erythrocyte's bio-macromolecules from free radical-mediated damage. Since there is no de novo synthesis of AD enzymes in mature erythrocytes, their defence capacity is limited. Free radicals influence antioxidative enzymes capacities and relative share of particular components in the whole antioxidative system. Therefore, by measuring changes in the activity of individual AD components, as well as their interrelations by statistical canonical discriminant methods, valuable data about the complexity, overall relations and coordinated actions in the AD system in erythrocytes and its relevance for systemic effects can be acquired.
Produkcija slobodnih radikala u eritrocitima uglavnom se odnosi na nastajanje superoksid anjon radikala (O2 ·-) putem autooksidacije oksihemoglobina u methemoglobin. Ljudski eritrociti izloženi su prooksidacionom delovanju vodonik-peroksida nastalog dismutacijom O2 ·- ili iz cirkulacije, kao i azot oksidu (NO) iz cirkulacije. Od direktnih reakcija slobodnih radikala, reakcija O2 ·- i NO uz nastajanje peroksinitrita je reakcija sa primarno štetnim posledicama po eritrocite. U eritrocitima se nalaze enzimi zaštite od oksidacionih oštećenja, kao što su superoksid dismutaza (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), katalaza (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), glutation peroksidaza (GSHPx, EC 1.11.1.9) i glutation reduktaza (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) kao i komponente male molekulske mase (glutation, vitamini E i C). Njihovim sadejstvom se kanališu reakcije slobodnih radikala tako da direktna oštećenja biomakromolekula budu što manja. Međutim, kako nema de novo sinteze enzima u maturiranim eritrocitima, kapacitet ovih sistema je ograničen, jer slobodnoradikalske vrste i direktno inhibiraju neke od enzima. Promene na enzimima i njihova inhibicija slobodnim radikalima utiču na kapacitet zaštite od oksidacionih oštećenja i relativni udeo pojedinih komponenti u ukupnom antioksidativnom potencijalu. To se može pratiti i preko promena aktivnosti pojedinačnih komponenti, ali i međusobnih odnosa između komponenti antioksidativne odbrane diskriminacionim statističkim metodama, koje ukazuju na sveukupnost i kompleksnost odnosa antioksidativnih komponenti u eritrocitima i njihov sistemski značaj.
The influence of the colonization with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, Glomus mosseae (Nicolson and Gerdemann), on characteristics of growth, osmotic adjustment compounds and activity of ...antioxidant enzymes in nodules of salt-stressed soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) was studied in this experiment. The pot experiment was arranged as a factorial in randomized complete block design with four replications at greenhouse of College of Agriculture, Tehran University, Iran. Results indicated that the contents of glycine betaine and proline in nodules were higher in inoculated than in noninoculated plants. AM fungal colonization increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase in the nodules. The results indicate that the AM fungus is capable of alleviating the damage caused by salt stress on symbiotic nitrogen fixation of soybean plants by increasing the accumulation of compatible osmolytes and by increased antioxidant enzyme activity. Consequently, arbuscular mycorrhiza formation highly enhanced the salinity tolerance of soybean plant, which increased symbiotic nitrogen fixation and promoted plant growth.
Among the thousands of naturally occurring constituents so far identified in plants and exhibiting a long history of safe use, there are none that pose - or reasonably might be expected to pose - a ...significant risk to human health at current low levels of intake when used as flavoring substances. Due to their natural origin, environmental and genetic factors will influence the chemical composition of the plant essential oils. Factors such as species and subspecies, geographical location, harvest time, plant part used and method of isolation all affect chemical composition of the crude material separated from the plant. The screening of plant extracts and natural products for antioxidative and antimicrobial activity has revealed the potential of higher plants as a source of new agents, to serve the processing of natural products.
The aim of the study was to assess the blood antioxidant capacity in men and women in relation to age. The subjects were 19 men (YM) and 19 women (YW) aged 25-32 years, and 11 men (OM) and 11 women ...(OW) aged 63-71 years, all sedentary. The following factors were determined: the activity of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT), total antioxidant status (TAS), as well as plasma retinol, α-tocopherol, uric acid and total protein concentrations. The sum of standardized activities of antioxidant enzymes was calculated to compare age-related changes in the total capacity of the erythrocyte antioxidant defense. No significant age-related changes in SOD activity were observed; mean CAT activity was higher in older women and men than in younger subjects. Mean activity of GPX was higher and that of GR lower in older subjects compared to the younger ones. The calculated total erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme capacity in younger and older subjects rendered similar values. No significant differences in plasma retinol and α-tocopherol concentrations in relation to sex or age were noted. The plasma total protein level was significantly lower in younger women and men compared to their older mates. It was concluded that the total erythrocyte enzymatic antioxidant capacity did not change with age. The results obtained clearly show that multiple factors may contribute to the ageing process.
Cilj studije bio je da se odredi antioksidantni kapacitet u krvi kod muškaraca i žena u odnosu na njihovu starost. Ispitano je 19 muškaraca (YM) i 19 žena (YW) starosti 25-32 godine, kao i 11 muškaraca (OM) i 11 žena (OW) starosti 63-71 godine, koji su svi bili neaktivni. Određeni su sledeći faktori: aktivnost superoksid dismutaze (SOD), glutation-reduktaze (GR), glutation-peroksidaze (GPX), katalaze (CAT), ukupni antioksidantni status (TAS) u eritrocitima, kao i retinol, alfa-tokoferol, mokraćna kiselina i ukupne koncentracije proteina u plazmi. Izračunat je zbir standardizovanih aktivnosti antioksidantnih enzima kako bi se uporedile promene u ukupnom kapacitetu antioksidantne odbrane u eritrocitima vezane za starosno doba. Nisu uočene značajne promene vezane za starosno doba u aktivnosti SOD; srednja aktivnost CAT bila je viša kod starijih žena i muškaraca nego kod mlađih ispitanika. Srednja aktivnost GPX bila je viša a aktivnost GR niža kod starijih ispitanika u poređenju s mlađima. Izračunati ukupni antioksidantni enzimski kapacitet u eritrocitima dao je slične vrednosti kod mlađih i kod starijih ispitanika. Nisu uočene značajne razlike u koncentracijama retinola i alfa-tokoferola u plazmi u odnosu na pol ili starosno doba. Ukupni nivo proteina u plazmi bio je značajno niži kod mladih žena i muškaraca u poređenju sa starijim ispitanicima. Zaključeno je da se ukupni enzimski antioksidantni kapacitet u eritrocitima ne menja s godinama. Dobijeni rezultati jasno pokazuju da u procesu starenja učestvuje više faktora.
In pathophysiological conditions related to oxidative stress, the application of selected antioxidants could have beneficial effects on human health. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) ...spectroscopy is a technique that provides unique insight into the redox biochemistry, due to its ability to: (i) distinguish and quantify different reactive species, such as hydroxyl radical, superoxide, carbon centered radicals, hydrogen atom, nitric oxide, ascorbyl radical, melanin, and others; (ii) evaluate the antioxidative capacity of various compounds, extracts and foods; (iii) provide information on other important parameters of biological systems. A combination of EPR spectroscopy and traditional biochemical methods represents an efficient tool in the studies of disease mechanisms and antioxidative therapy prospects, providing a more complete view into the redox processes in the human organism.
U patofiziološkim uslovima povezanim sa oksidativnim stresom, primenjivanje određenih antioksidativnih materija može biti od koristi za ljudsko zdravlje. Elektronska paramagnetna rezonantna (EPR) spektroskopija predstavlja tehniku koja pruža jedinstveni uvid u biohemijske redoks procese, zahvaljujući svom kapacitetu da: (i) razlikuje i kvantifikuje različite reaktivne vrste, kao što su hidroksil radikal, superoksid, ugljenični radikali, vodonični atom, azot monoksid, askorbil radikal, melanin i druge; (ii) odredi antioksidativne kapacitete različitih jedinjenje, ekstrakata i namirnica; (iii) pruži informacije o drugim važnim parametrima bioloških sistema. Kombinacija EPR spektroskopije i tradicionalnih biohemijskih metoda predstavlja efikasno oruđe u ispitivanju mehanizama oboljenja i moguće antioksidativne terapije, pružajući kompletniji uvid u redoks procese u ljudskom organizmu
Moderate alcohol consumption has been shown in many epidemiological investigations to prolong overall life expectancy by reducing the risk of certain diseases. Those that account most for this ...reduction are coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke, both of which are caused by atherosclerotic vascular disease. It has been claimed that these effects are beverage-specific, with red wine being the most potent. This review examines the relative contributions of ethanol and the polyphenolic antioxidants of red wine by considering their potential to inhibit atherogenesis and the mechanisms involved. There is good evidence, both in vitro and in vivo, that ethanol increases production and circulating levels of HDL-Cholesterol, and reduces clot formation by blocking thrombin activity as well as by inhibition of fibrinolysis. It also prevents migration of smooth-muscle cells to the intimal layer of arteries and reduces the incidence of Type II Diabetes Mellitus, a major risk factor for atherosclerotic disease. Red wine, in addition to ethanol, contains many polyphenolic antioxidants that are also present in fruit and vegetables (such as catechin and quercetin), as well as resveratrol that is almost restricted to grapes and red wine. These polyphenols, especially the last-named, have been shown by in vitro experiments to exhibit many potent properties conducive to preventing atherosclerosis. In addition to lowering clot formation, they diminish inflammatory reactions by down-regulating production of eicosanoids and cytokines, they prevent oxidation of LDL, reduce expression of cell-adhesion molecules, and increase NO production. However, investigations in whole animals and human subjects have yielded conflicting results. The above paradox can be explained by studies demonstrating that these polyphenols, when taken orally, are rapidly conjugated with glucuronide and sulfate by the small-intestinal mucosa prior to absorption, following which the deactivated water-soluble conjugates are quickly excreted by the kidney. The free biologically-active parent compounds appear in the circulation in very low concentrations and with a very rapid halflife. Uptake by relevant tissues could not be demonstrated. In line with this evidence, red and white wines have comparable effects when administered to humans that are essentially attributable to their alcohol content alone. These findings suggest that dietary antioxidants may be less effective than previously thought.
Mnoga epidemiološka istraživanja su pokazala da umereno konzumiranje alkohola produžava očekivani životni vek tako što smanjuje rizik od izvesnih bolesti. Pomenuti smanjeni rizik najvažniji je kod koronarne srčane bolesti i ishemijskog moždanog udara, koje izaziva aterosklerotska vaskularna bolest. Postoje tvrdnje da takvi efekti zavise od vrste pića, kao i da crno vino ima najmoćnije dejstvo. Ovaj pregled ispitaća relativni doprinos etanola i polifenolskih antioksidanata iz crnog vina, razmatrajući njihov potencijal da inhibiraju aterogenezu i njene mehanizme. Postoji valjani dokazi, kako in vitro tako i in vivo, da etanol povećava produkciju i cirkulišuće nivoe HDL-holesterola i smanjuje formiranje ugrušaka tako što blokira aktivnost trombina i inhibiciju fibrinolize. Na taj način sprečava migraciju glatkih mišićnih ćelija u intimalni sloj arterija i snižava incidencu dijabetes melitusa tipa 2, kao važnog faktora rizika za aterosklerotsku bolest. Crno vino pored etanola sadrži mnoge polifenolske antioksidante takođe prisutne u voću i povrću (npr. katehin i kvercetin), kao i rezveratrol koji se gotovo isključivo nalazi u grožđu i crnom vinu. U in vitro eksperimentima pokazano je da ti polifenoli, naročito rezveratrol, iskazuju moćna svojstva koja omogućavaju sprečavanje ateroskleroze. Pored toga što smanjuju formiranje ugrušaka, oni ublažavaju inflamatorne reakcije regulisanjem produkcije eikozanoida i citokina, sprečavaju oksidaciju LDL, smanjuju ekspresiju molekula ćelijske adhezije i povećavaju produkciju NO. Međutim, istraživanja na životinjama i ljudima dala su protivrečne rezultate. Taj paradoks mogu objasniti studije koje pokazuju da te polifenole, uzete oralno, mukoza tankog creva brzo konjuguje sa glukuronidom i sulfatom pre apsorpcije, posle čega bubrezi odmah izlučuju deaktivirane konjugate rastvorljive u vodi. Slobodna biološki aktivna izvorna jedinjenja pojavljuju se u cirkulaciji u veoma malim koncentracijama i sa vrlo kratkim poluživotom a njihovo preuzimanje od strane relevantnih tkiva nije se moglo potvrditi. Iz toga sledi da crna i bela vina imaju slične efekte kod ljudi koji se u osnovi mogu pripisati samom alkoholnom sadržaju. Ovi nalazi ukazuju da su antioksidansi u ishrani možda manje efikasni nego što se ranije verovalo.
U ovom radu modelirana je i optimizirana antioksidativna aktivnost prema stabilnom DPPH radikalu (AADPPH) i nestabilnim hidroksi radikalima (AA.OH), kao i sadržaj nutraceutika (mononezasićene masne ...kiseline, polinezasićene masne kiseline i askorbinska kiselina) kombuha fermentiranih mliječnih proizvoda s mentom. Napici su proizvedeni dodavanjem 10 % kombuha startera s mentom u mlijeko koje je sadržavalo 0,8, 1,6 i 2,8 % mliječne masti pri 37, 40 i 43 °C. Metodologija površine odgovora (RSM) naznačila je suprotne površine odgovora za AADPPH i AA.OH. Sadržaj polinezasićenih masnih kiselina i askorbinske kiseline, kao najznačajnijih utjecajnih čimbenika, uključeni su u grafičku optimizaciju i utvrđeno je radno područje za proizvodnju napitaka najveće antioksidativne kvalitete: niže temperature i mliječna mast do 1,8 %; više temperature i mliječna mast do maksimalno 1,6 %. Modeliranje antioksidativnih svojstava kombuha fermentiranih mliječnih napitaka s mentom primjenom umjetnih neuronskih mreža, kako je i očekivano, bilo je superiornije u poredbi s RSM.
Obična heljda (Fagopyrum esculentum) i tatarska heljda (Fagopyrum tataricum) su zbog sadržaja fenolnih supstanca otporne na napade štetnika i bolesti, te otporne na UV-B zrake i nepogodne uvjete ...zemljišta. Heljda se često ponaša kao divlja, nekultivirana biljka te je osjetljiva na upotrebu mineralnih gnojiva. Zbog nabrojanih osobina, heljda je pogodna biljka za upotrebu u organskoj poljoprivredi.
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