In the present study, activated carbon prepared from apple peels (ACAP) was used to remove chromium (VI) from aqueous solution. The characterization of this ACAP has been performed using different ...analytical techniques such as FTIR and SEM. The adsorption parameters studied were: pH 2- 7, adsorbent dose 0.025–0.15g/50mL, initial Cr(VI) concentration 10–50mg/L and temperature 10–40°C. Maximum Cr(VI) adsorption of 36.01mg/g was achieved using Cr(VI) concentration of 50mg/L, pH of 2, adsorbent dose of 0.05g/50mL, contact time of 4h and temperature of 28°C. This ACAP gave a Cr(VI) adsorption capacity better than a commercial activated carbon. The experimental data fitted well to Freundlich isotherm (R2 = 0.99) and kinetics followed the pseudo-second order model. Thermodynamic parameters, ΔG < 0, ΔH° = 1.99 (Kcal/mol) and ΔS° = 0.0079 (Kcal/Kmol) indicate that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic.
Activated carbon prepared from apple peels (ACAP) gave an adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) better than Raw apple peels (Raw AP), Dried apple peels at 60°C for 24h (AP60,24), Apple peels treated with NaOH (APNaOH) and mostly important than a commercial Activated Carbon (ACCom). Display omitted
•Preparation of an effective activated carbon from apple peels.•Apple peels Activated carbon was used for removing Cr(VI) from aqueous solution.•High adsorption capacity (36.01mg/g) in comparison with other bioadsorbents and with a commercial activated carbon.
This study aimed to extract apple juice from green apple fruits previously treated with aqueous extract of apple peels, before storing the extracted juice at a temperature of (4)°C, for a period of ...(30) days, and comparing it with the juice of untreated fruits in order to determine the effect of inhibiting the polyphenol enzyme. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in apple fruits according to the treatments mentioned in some characteristics of apple juice extracted from those fruits. The studied characteristics are: residual enzymatic activity, total soluble sugars, ascorbic acid content, total phenols content, and browning index, as they were immersed in Fruits treated with aqueous extract of apple peels had a significant effect in reducing the residual enzymatic activity and ascorbic acid values of the treated fruit juice, while the total soluble sugars and total phenols content had a significant increase in their values after the end of the storage period, while the browning index values were not affected at the end of storage.
We converted agro-waste Custard Apple Peels (CAP) to ash via thermal treatment, on which Pd(OAc)2 was immobilized easily that produced a low-cost, highly efficient Pd/CAP-ash catalyst. The prepared ...catalyst was fully characterized by using FT-IR, SEM, EDX, XRF, DSC-TGA, BET, HR-TEM, and XPS techniques. The Pd/CAP-ash catalyst was conveniently applied for the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction under external base free and ligand-free conditions in an aqueous-organic solvent to produce biphenyls in good to excellent yields. The main attraction of our protocol an application of palladium-supported agro-waste material which is easily recoverable and recyclable provides mono and bis-coupled derivatives in a short reaction time.
Graphic Abstract
Bioactivity-guided fractionation of apple peels was used to determine the chemical identity of bioactive constituents. Thirteen triterpenoids were isolated, and their chemical structures were ...identified. Antiproliferative activities of the triterpenoids against human HepG2 liver cancer cells, MCF-7 breast cancer cells, and Caco-2 colon cancer cells were evaluated. Most of the triterpenoids showed high potential anticancer activities against the three human cancer cell lines. Among the compounds isolated, 2α-hydroxyursolic acid, 2α-hydroxy-3β-{(2E)-3-phenyl-1-oxo-2-propenyloxy}olean-12-en-28-oic acid, and 3β-trans-p-coumaroyloxy-2α-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid showed higher antiproliferative activity toward HepG2 cancer cells. Ursolic acid, 2α-hydroxyursolic acid, and 3β-trans-p-coumaroyloxy-2α-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid exhibited higher antiproliferative activity against MCF-7 cancer cells. All triterpenoids tested showed antiproliferative activity against Caco-2 cancer cells, especially 2α-hydroxyursolic acid, maslinic acid, 2α-hydroxy-3β-{(2E)-3-phenyl-1-oxo-2-propenyloxy}olean-12-en-28-oic acid, and 3β-trans-p-coumaroyloxy-2α-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid, which displayed much higher antiproliferative activities. These results showed the triterpenoids isolated from apple peels have potent antiproliferative activity and may be partially responsible for the anticancer activities of whole apples. Keywords: Apple; apple peels; phytochemicals; phenolics; triterpenoids; breast cancer; antiproliferative activities; MCF-7 cells; cancer cells
Abstract
Solid waste management (SWM) is one of the biggest concerns of society and agricultural waste is generated in vast amounts. In this study removal of Cu and Cr from wastewater using ...chemically modified apple peels was studied by following batch sorption experiments. Effects of metal concentration, adsorbent dose, pH, temperature and contact duration on the adsorption of Cu & Cr were investigated by using atomic adsorption spectrophotometer (AAS). SEM & EDX analysis of the adsorbents were recorded to study the morphology of the prepared adsorbents. Qmax value of apple peels is 25 for Cr and 22 for Cu, while for apple peel charcoal it is 33 for Cr and 47 for Cu, for treated apple peels Qmax is 50 for Cr and 52 for Cu adsorption. The data was processed using pseudo first, second order kinetic and intraparticle diffusion. Results depicted that the calculated adsorption capacities (qecal) were found to be close to the experimental values (qecal) by following pseudo-second-order kinetics. The applicability of the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms was tested. Results showed that the Langmuir model is best fitted on adsorption data because regression factor R2 values are good for the Langmuir model.
Pectinases are applied in many commercial processes, particularly for fruit juice clarification. Cost effective production of pectinase necessitates utilization of agro-industrial wastes as ...fermentation raw materials. Biomass from halophytic plants provides a prospect for its sustainable utilization in industrial processes. Here, we report utilization of two halophytic biomasses, Suaeda fruticosa and Cressa cretica to grow a pectinolytic strain, Geotrichum candidum AA15 and its mutant strain AHC1. Amount of pectinase produced was compared by cultivating the strains in the medium containing apple peels and orange peels. The data showed that G. candidum AHC1 can produce pectinase titers of 15.43 and 28.15 IU mL−1 within 25 h when cultivated in the medium containing biomass from C. cretica and S. fruticosa, respectively. The results of FTIR and Scanning Electron microscopy affirmed the bacterial growth mediated changes in the structure of the substrate that was associated with the pectinase production. The crude pectinase preparation was applied to hydrolyze an agro-waste, sugarcane bagasse, that resulted in the release of 86 mg g−1 of reducing sugars. Thus, this study proposed the usage of halophytic plant biomass for cost effective pectinase production and its application for saccharification of agro-waste.
Plastic, polypropylene, is the main cause of soil, water, and air pollution as it is non-degradable. Polyhydroxybutyrate, (PHB), serves as an alternative to polypropylene as it has the same physical ...and chemical properties but is biodegradable. The main hindrance in the production of PHB is the cost of substrate used for biosynthesis. Hence, the current study was designed to evaluate the potential of apple peels (
Malus domestica
) as a substrate for PHB biosynthesis using solid-state fermentation (SSF) by
Bacillus thuringiensis
strain of bacteria. Different process parameters were optimized using central composite design (CCD) of RSM (response surface methodology). The highest yield of PHB (12.2 mg/gds) was obtained by fermenting apple peels at 70% moisture content after incubation for 3 days at pH 7.5, temperature 30 ºC, and addition of 0.3% peptone as nitrogen source.
F
-value (16.16) and
p
-value (0.00) ensure the higher significance of the planned model. The coefficient of determination (
R
2
) was calculated as 96.71% which confirms the goodness and accuracy of the statistical model. Incubation days, temperature, and concentration of peptone had significant while moisture percentage and pH had an insignificant effect on the production process. Identification of PHB was performed by FTIR analysis while the HPLC method indicated that PHB produced was 98.6% pure in comparison with the standard. The molecular weight (Mw) of PHB was observed as 3754 kDa, while the number-average molecular weight (Mn) was calculated as 2860 kDa. Hence, the polydispersity index (pI) was reported as 1.31. The experimental results specified that bioplastic can be efficiently biosynthesized using apple peels as the substrate through SSF. The optimized results can be further utilized for production on an industrial scale.
The industrially significant biopolymer, alginic acid, is mainly obtained from farmed brown seaweeds. Owing to differences in structural composition of alginate isolated from various species, the ...bacterial alginate has gained significant importance. Pakistan meets the industrial demand of alginate by importing it from developed countries. The current research was planned to assess the potential of apple peels (
Malus domestica
) for alginate production by using
Azotobacter vinelandii
through solid-state fermentation. Various cultural parameters were optimized using CCD of response surface methodology (RSM) like incubation days, pH, temperature and inoculum volume. Maximum yield of alginate (180.64 mg/gds) was achieved by fermentation of apple peels at substrate water ratio of 1:3 for 2 days with 3 mL volume of inoculum at pH 7.5 and 37.5 °C. Statistical analysis showed the
F
value and
p
value as 10.93 and 0.00 that indicates that the proposed model was highly significant. The goodness of fit of the model was determined by a coefficient of determination (
R
2
) having a value of 90.5% indicating the accuracy of the model. Alginate produced was quantified by HPLC method and was found to be 97% pure in contrast to standard (100% pure of Sigma-Aldrich). The results indicated that alginate can be efficiently produced through solid-state fermentation by utilizing cheap fruit by-product as the substrate.
Apple peels were used as a model solid matrix for the comparative evaluation of aqueous mixtures of three bio-solvents, including ethanol, 2,3-butanediol (butanediol) and glycerol, with regard to ...polyphenol recovery. The evaluation process was based on a step-by-step optimisation of the extraction, taking into consideration basic factors, including solvent composition, liquid-to-solid ratio and temperature. A further detailed description of the extraction capacity of each solvent was carried out using kinetics. Optimal solvent concentrations were 50 % (v/v), 50 % (v/v) and 70 % (w/v) for ethanol, butanediol and glycerol, respectively, while optimal liquid-to-solid ratio and temperature were 100 mL g
−1
and 80 °C for all solvents tested. The kinetic assay showed that extraction yields in total polyphenols obtained with these solvent systems displayed no statistical difference, although the overall extraction rate constant and diffusion coefficient were significantly higher for the extraction performed with 50 % (v/v) butanediol. The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry examination of the extracts obtained under optimised conditions revealed that their polyphenolic profile was composed, in total, of 12 principal substances, but some qualitative differences among the extracts were also observed. The reducing power of the extract obtained with 50 % (v/v) ethanol was significantly higher, a finding attributed to possible synergistic effects among polyphenols.
Sustainable food production by agricultural and food processing industries has gained importance in last decade, which essentially requires good management of the wastes generated during processing. ...In this regard, sustainable handling of any agro waste using the concept of “circular bioeconomy” is important. Present work depicts a case study on circular bioeconomy of Apple peels (AP) utilization for its value addition with zero waste at the end. AP was exposed to four different Deep eutectic solvents synthesised using HBA Choline Chloride with varoius HBDs like malic acid, glycerol, ethelene glycol and urea as well as a benchmark solvent Ethanol:water (50% v/v) resulting in extracts with TPC ranging between 1040 and 4302.6 mg GAE 100 g-1. Polyphenolic profiling of the extracts using developed HPLC method, confirmed the presence of polyphenols such as Phlordizin, Rutin, Syringic acid, Paracoumaric acid, Chlorogenic acid, Catechin, Epicatechin, Ferulic acid. The chemistry behind the ability of DESs for the extraction of the polyphenols in varying amount is explained using Hole theory and computational modeling of DES. Antioxidant potential of the extracts towards FRAP (7.76- 20.7 mM L−1)/ABTS (2.31- 8 mM L−1) assay and antibacterial activity against gram negative/positive bacterias with zone of inhibition between 12.2 and 14.9 mm, confirmed extracts to be biologically active, promoting their use as nutraceutical. Moreover, total dietary fiber in the residue (27.31- 45.44%) can find application as probiotics, thus complying with zero waste generation at the end. DES could be recycled six times with 15% decrease in efficiency.
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•Valorization of Apple peels using circular bioeconomy concept with zero waste.•Quantitative analysis of major bioactive compounds in Apple peel extracts using DES & benchmark solvent.•Gradient HPLC method and its validation using computational modeling.•Antioxidant & Antibacterial activity of Apple peel extracts against four bacterial strains.•Dietary fiber analysis of residue obtained after extraction & Reusability of selected DESs.
