The geological sequestration of COsub.2 in deep saline aquifers is one of the most effective strategies to reduce greenhouse emissions from the stationary point sources of COsub.2. However, it is a ...complex task to quantify the storage capacity of an aquifer as it is a function of various geological characteristics and operational decisions. This study applies physics-based proxy modeling by using multiple machine learning (ML) models to predict the COsub.2 trapping scenarios in a deep saline aquifer. A compositional reservoir simulator was used to develop a base case proxy model to simulate the COsub.2 trapping mechanisms (i.e., residual, solubility, and mineral trapping) for 275 years following a 25-year COsub.2 injection period in a deep saline aquifer. An expansive dataset comprising 19,800 data points was generated by varying several key geological and decision parameters to simulate multiple iterations of the base case model. The dataset was used to develop, train, and validate four robust ML models-multilayer perceptron (MLP), random forest (RF), support vector regression (SVR), and extreme gradient boosting (XGB). We analyzed the sequestered COsub.2 using the ML models by residual, solubility, and mineral trapping mechanisms. Based on the statistical accuracy results, with a coefficient of determination (Rsup.2) value of over 0.999, both RF and XGB had an excellent predictive ability for the cross-validated dataset. The proposed XGB model has the best COsub.2 trapping performance prediction with Rsup.2 values of 0.99988, 0.99968, and 0.99985 for residual trapping, mineralized trapping, and dissolution trapping mechanisms, respectively. Furthermore, a feature importance analysis for the RF algorithm identified reservoir monitoring time as the most critical feature dictating changes in COsub.2 trapping performance, while relative permeability hysteresis, permeability, and porosity of the reservoir were some of the key geological parameters. For XGB, however, the importance of uncertain geologic parameters varied based on different trapping mechanisms. The findings from this study show that the physics-based smart proxy models can be used as a robust predictive tool to estimate the sequestration of COsub.2 in deep saline aquifers with similar reservoir characteristics.
Structural trapping is the primary mechanism for intensive COsub.2 sequestration in saline aquifers. This is the foundation for increasing global COsub.2 storage; gradual switch to preferable ...trapping mechanisms, such as residual saturation, dissolution, and mineral trapping, will require a long-time scale. The major constraints limiting the storage capacity of structural trapping are formation pressure and structure size. Over-pressure owing to COsub.2 injection causes a disruption of seal integrity indicating a failure in geological sequestration. The other constraint on storage capacity is a spill point determining geological storage volume. Overflowing COsub.2, after filling the storage volume, migrates upward along the aquifer geometry with buoyancy. This study proposes a methodology to maximize COsub.2 storage capacity of a geological site with a substructure created by an interbedded calcareous layer below spill point. This study provides various conceptual schemes, i.e., no brine production, simultaneous brine production and pre-injection brine production, for geological COsub.2 storage. By the comparative analysis, location of brine producer, production rate, and distance between injector and producer are optimized. Therefore, the proposed scheme can enhance COsub.2 storage capacity by 68% beyond the pressure and migration limits by steering COsub.2 plume and managing formation pressure.
Carbon dioxide (COsub.2) sequestration plays a crucial role in reducing the levels of atmospheric COsub.2 and mitigating the harmful effects of global warming. Among the various COsub.2 sequestration ...technologies, COsub.2 marine geological sequestration emerges as a safer and more efficient alternative compared with traditional terrestrial geological sequestration. This is highly attributed to its expansive potential, safe distance from aquifers, and stable temperature and pressure conditions. This paper reviews and evaluates the main COsub.2 marine geological sequestration technologies, including COsub.2 sequestrations in shallow marine sediments, COsub.2, sub-seabed aquifers, and COsub.2-CHsub.4 replacement. The goal of this paper is to shed light on the mechanism, potential, and challenges of each technology. Given the importance of safety in COsub.2 sequestration, this review also explores the potential adverse effects of COsub.2 leakage from reservoirs, particularly its impact on marine environments. Finally, we discuss potential development trends in COsub.2 marine geological technology.
Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is becoming a common practice worldwide. MAR is carried out in different environments from coastlands to highlands, in megalopolis, farmlands and pristine areas, and in ...arid and humid regions. Pre‐Alpine aquifers represent an optimal target when MAR is aimed at storing large amounts of high‐quality waters. In fact, pre‐Alpine aquifers are generally characterized by high permeability and a thick unsaturated zone, with the catchments crossed by watercourses rich of high‐quality water. Here, we focus the attention to a representative pre‐Alpine aquifer system located in the Friuli region, northeastern Italy. A 1‐year long MAR test was carried out through a ~700 m2 infiltration basin recharged by water diverted from a nearby channel. The site was characterized from the hydrogeological viewpoint, and the MAR test was monitored through time‐lapse hydrogeophysics, water level and piezometric records, and physicochemical water characterization. The data set was used to calibrate a local groundwater flow model, showing that MAR recharged the 50 m deep phreatic aquifer with 1,000 m3/day. Hydrogeologic data made available by previous studies were processed to develop a groundwater model of the regional aquifer that allowed for estimating the natural groundwater recharge of the phreatic system and, subsequently, evaluating the MAR effects in the context of the natural balance. If a single MAR site, like the tested one, plays a certain effect at a local scale only, the MAR implementation on several gravel pits and large‐diameter wells scattered in the region could store several million cubic meters of water per year, significantly raising the water table and improving the groundwater quality.
Key Points
TL‐ERT, piezometric measurements, and chemical analyses integrated by an FE groundwater flow model capture MAR effects in pre‐Alpine aquifers
MAR is effective in pre‐Alpine aquifers due to their high permeability, thick unsaturated zone, and availability of surplus surface waters
MAR implementation represents a promising method to offset the decrease of water resources due to climate changes in the pre‐Alpine region
GRACE satellite data are widely used to estimate groundwater storage (GWS) changes in aquifers globally; however, comparisons with GW monitoring and modeling data are limited. Here we compared GWS ...changes from GRACE over 15 yr (2002–2017) in 14 major U.S. aquifers with groundwater‐level (GWL) monitoring data in ~23,000 wells and with regional and global hydrologic and land surface models. Results show declining GWS trends from GRACE data in the six southwestern and south‐central U.S. aquifers, totaling −90 km3 over 15 yr, related to long‐term (5–15 yr) droughts, and exceeding Lake Mead volume by ~2.5×. GWS trends in most remaining aquifers were stable or slightly rising. GRACE‐derived GWS changes agree with GWL monitoring data in most aquifers (correlation coefficients, R = 0.52–0.95), showing that GRACE satellites capture groundwater (GW) dynamics. Regional GW models (eight models) generally show similar or greater GWS trends than those from GRACE. Large discrepancies in the Mississippi Embayment aquifer, with modeled GWS decline approximately four times that of GRACE, may reflect uncertainties in model storage parameters, stream capture, pumpage, and/or recharge rates. Global hydrologic models (2003–2014), which include GW pumping, generally overestimate GRACE GWS depletion (total: approximately −172 to −186 km3) in heavily exploited aquifers in southwestern and south‐central U.S. by ~2.4× (GRACE: −74 km3), underscoring needed modeling improvements relative to anthropogenic impacts. Global land surface models tend to track GRACE GWS dynamics better than global hydrologic models. Intercomparing remote sensing, monitoring, and modeling data underscores the importance of considering all data sources to constrain GWS uncertainties.
Plain Language Summary
The major U.S. aquifers provide an ideal system to assess GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellite data. We compared GRACE groundwater storage anomalies (GWSAs) with groundwater level anomalies (GWLAs) from ~23,000 wells and with groundwater storage (GWS) from regional and global models in 14 major U.S. aquifers. Results show large GWS declines from GRACE in southwestern (Central Valley and Arizona Alluvial Basins) and south‐central (Central and Southern High Plains and Texas) aquifers from multiyear droughts (5–15 yr). In contrast, GWS trends in aquifers throughout the rest of the U.S. showed mostly stable or rising values. Time series of GRACE GWSAs compared favorably with GWLAs from most aquifers, suggesting that GRACE data track groundwater (GW) dynamics. Regional GW models show similar or greater declines in GWS compared with GRACE data, with the largest discrepancy of a factor of four times greater modeled depletion in the Mississippi Embayment. Global hydrologic models show minimal storage dynamics but greatly overestimated GWS declines by ~2.4× in southwestern and south‐central aquifers with intensive irrigation compared with GRACE data. In contrast, global land surface models show similar GW dynamics to GRACE data but underestimated GWS declines in heavily exploited aquifers because these land surface models do not include human intervention.
Key Points
GRACE satellites track GW storage in U.S. aquifers based on good agreement between GRACE and in situ GW level monitoring (23,000 wells)
Regional models capture GRACE GW storage in most aquifers, except the Mississippi Embayment, which overestimates GRACE GWS trends by approximately four times
Global hydrologic models overestimate GW depletion compared with GRACE by ~2.4× in heavily depleted aquifers in the SW and SC United States
This paper presents an analytical solution to tide‐induced head fluctuations in a two‐dimensional estuarine‐coastal aquifer system that consists of an unconfined aquifer and a heterogeneous confined ...aquifer extending under a tidal river with a semipermeable layer between them. This study considers the joint effects of tidal‐river leakage, inland leakage, dimensionless transmissivity between the tidal‐river and inland confined aquifer, and transmissivity anisotropic ratios. The analytical solution for this model is obtained via the separation of variables method. Three existing solutions related to head fluctuation in one‐ or two‐dimensional leaky confined aquifers are considered as special cases in the present solution. This study shows that there is a threshold of tidal‐river confined aquifer length. When the tidal‐river length is greater than the threshold length, the inland head fluctuations remain sensitive to the leakage effect but become insensitive to the tidal‐river width and dimensionless transmissivity. Considering leakage and transmissivity anisotropy, this study also demonstrates that at a location farther from the river–inland boundary, head fluctuations increase with increasing leakage and transmissivity anisotropy; the maximum head fluctuation occurs when leakage and transmissivity anisotropy are both at their maximum values. The combined action of the 3 effects of loading, tidal‐river aquifer leakage, and inland aquifer leakage differs significantly according to various aquifer parameters. The analytical solution in this paper can be applied to demonstrate the behaviours of the head fluctuations of an estuarine‐coastal aquifer system, and the head fluctuations can be clearly described when the tidal and hydrogeological parameters are derived from field measurement data or hypothetical cases.
The Chennai aquifer system, which occupies an area of 6629 km
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, is one of the most stressed aquifer systems in southern India and is under severe threat of over exploitation and quality ...deterioration. This is due to the increasing groundwater abstraction for irrigation, domestic, industrial purposes and for drinking water supply to the ever-expanding Chennai city. To offset the effect of this heavy extraction a paradigm shift towards groundwater management was imperative. A multidisciplinary integrated approach was used to map the aquifers, delineate their geometry, to determine the hydraulic behavior of the aquifer system, and to formulate an aquifer management plan through the development of a groundwater flow model. The main aquifers in the area include weathered and fractured crystalline rocks and recent alluvial formation. Alluvium is the most significant aquifer system in the study area, and this aquifer contains potable quality groundwater except in the eastern part of the study area that has been affected by seawater intrusion. A two-layered groundwater flow model was developed using Visual MODFLOW classic version 4.6 with a 1 km
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grid pattern to simulate groundwater flow for a period of 9 years. The model was calibrated under steady and transient state conditions and allowed components of the water balance of the system to be determined at a regional scale. The simulated results indicate that this aquifer system is under tremendous stress at the prevailing groundwater withdrawal rate of 899 million cubic meter (mcm)/year and would become unstable with the predicted 25% increase in groundwater withdrawal by 2025. However, the interventions to recharge an additional 54 mcm of water could help mitigate the current decline in potentiometric heads and could partially help to arrest the further advancement of seawater intrusion. A scenario of maintaining flow in rivers for a period of 120 days each year coupled with the construction of an unlined canal shows increase in groundwater head and development of the groundwater mounds, which are positive signs for arresting the decline of the water table and pushing saline groundwater in a seaward direction. As a result of the high rate of groundwater depletion in the area, management strategies need to be implemented urgently in the region. These strategies should include the regulation of groundwater abstraction and maintaining an extended flow period in the rivers. These measures are required to improve the sustainability of the available groundwater resources of the region.
With rivers in critical regions already exploited to capacity throughout the world and groundwater overdraft as well as large‐scale contamination occurring in many areas, we have entered an era in ...which multiple simultaneous stresses will drive water management. Increasingly, groundwater resources are taking a more prominent role in providing freshwater supplies. We discuss the competing fresh groundwater needs for human consumption, food production, energy, and the environment, as well as physical hazards, and conflicts due to transboundary overexploitation. During the past 50 years, groundwater management modeling has focused on combining simulation with optimization methods to inspect important problems ranging from contaminant remediation to agricultural irrigation management. The compound challenges now faced by water planners require a new generation of aquifer management models that address the broad impacts of global change on aquifer storage and depletion trajectory management, land subsidence, groundwater‐dependent ecosystems, seawater intrusion, anthropogenic and geogenic contamination, supply vulnerability, and long‐term sustainability. The scope of research efforts is only beginning to address complex interactions using multiagent system models that are not readily formulated as optimization problems and that consider a suite of human behavioral responses.
Key Points:
Six categories of groundwater vulnerability are central to future aquifer management
Highly complex hydrologic‐human interactions will require multiagent system models
Aquifer management models have increasingly employed gradient‐free optimization methods
The hydraulic properties of coastal aquifer systems are relevant to various hydrogeological, hydro‐ecological and engineering problems. This study presents an analytical solution for predicting ...groundwater head fluctuations induced by dual‐tide in multi‐layered island aquifer systems, consisting of an unconfined aquifer on the top and any number of leaky aquifers below. The solution was derived via the methods of matrix differential calculus and separation of variables. It is more general than any existing analytical solutions for the tidal pressure propagation since the new solution can consider multi‐layered aquifer systems along with the effects of leakage and aquifer length. Using this solution, we illustrated potential errors that may occur due to neglecting one or more vital factors affecting groundwater fluctuations. Besides, we articulated the groundwater response to the dual‐tide in complex coastal aquifers. Considering that some thin semipermeable layers may be ignored in practical field investigation, we also demonstrated the effects due to simplification of aquifer layers. The results showed that with the increase in the number of overlapped leaky layers, the tidal propagation in the bottom part of multi‐layered aquifer system approaches that in a single confined aquifer with the same transmissivity and storage.
A new solution for dual‐tide propagation in multiple‐layer coastal aquifer is derived, and effects of aquifer property (e.g. leakage, water table fluctuation, aquifer length and multiple‐layer structure) on amplitude attenuation and phase shift are evaluated. In particular, a parameter for assessing the applicability of existing solution is proposed, and the potential errors induced by neglecting one or more vital factors affecting groundwater fluctuations are analyzed.
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