•RCC reduction techniques in the houses like load bearing constructions address EW.•Exposed brick masonry and speedy constructions boost EW management.•Steel, cement, and brick are not the prime-most ...embodied water consumers.•The results seek attention as it finds embodied and operational water almost equal.•Energy related embodied water is negligible in post material production phase.•The study identifies various EW impacting parameters much beyond A+D only.
The study assesses the embodied water (EW) of conventional masonry houses in Jammu, India. The research uses material inventory, site investigations, and hybrid EW coefficients in the hybrid process-based ISO 14046 LCA study. It carries improvised system boundary analysis to infer the disaggregated, aggregated results using descriptive statistics (frequency analysis) and regression. The study finds high aggregated EW at 43.7 KL/m2 with materials EW (EWMAT.), in-direct water (IDW), and direct water (DW) components of 51.26%, 40.34%, and 8.38%. The study infers (i) EW is equally important (97%) as the operational water, (ii) sand, aggregates, DW, and finishing materials impact EW more than typical cement, brick, and steel (iii) The unprioritized labor meals and DW are significant and seeks construction management (iv) off-site (pre-cast) construction, and transportation is not a barrier to EW as energy-related EW is negligible. The results identify EW as a multi-faceted issue requiring a collaborative stakeholders' approach than Architecture + Design (A+D) and construction optimizations. The analysis implies the importance of load-bearing constructions in low-rise houses, exposed masonry, alternatives to wall finishes and aggregates, adaptive reuse, and RCC reduction-based A+D. The four houses based solitary study breakthrough a canvas of issues to capitalize EW agenda further.
ITER CODAC is in the process of developing a tailored software solution to carry out necessary control functions for tokamak operation. CODAC has successfully completed the final review of the ...implementation of the ITER Plasma Control System (PCS) for first plasma (FP), and formally commenced its production in accordance with the conversion mechanism of the Real-Time Framework (RTF) software suite. Rich functionality of RTF built-ins and its flexibility of reconfigurable applications facilitates the development and deployment of complex real-time applications such as commonly found within PCS and the ITER diagnostics.
In the practical application of the framework, CODAC has prototyped PCS architecture components to verify how actual operation complies with the intended design. Prototyping initiates CODAC preparation for system validation and verification, and its commissioning. Agile production is based on the model presented in the PCS Simulation Platform (PCSSP). Several fundamental functions such as exception handling, quality tag controlling, and signal watchdog functionality have been implemented and continue to evolve. CODAC demonstrated a mechanism by which individual function models coordinate and cooperate with each other to achieve desired higher-level functions. Operation of prototype and real-life experiments verified the application is compliant with the design input and even adaptable and extendable in various system attributes.
This paper will introduce the PCS prototyping and its execution as well as integrated operation function in the ITER environment.
The design, construction and fabrication of complex two- and three-dimensional shapes in civil and naval architecture have always been a particularly demanding part of the art of engineering. This ...volume presents a comparative knowledge history in these two distinct branches of construction engineering.
Suspension plasma spraying (SPS) as a relatively new spraying technology has great potential on depositing high performance thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). In some cases, however, columnar SPS TBCs ...show premature failure in thermal cycling test. To explain the reasons of such failure, a failure mechanism for columnar SPS TBCs was proposed in this work. The premature failure of TBCs might be related to the radial stresses in the vicinity of top coat/bond coat interface. These radial stresses were introduced by the thermal misfit and the roughness of bond coat. According to this mechanism, two architecture designs of SPS TBCs were applied to improve the thermal cycling lifetime. One was a double layered top coat design with a lamellar atmospheric plasma sprayed (APS) sub-layer and a columnar SPS top-layer. The other one was a low roughness bond coat design with a columnar SPS top coat deposited on a low roughness bond coat which was grinded before the spraying. With both designs, lifetimes of SPS TBCs were significantly extended. Especially, a lifetime even better than conventional APS TBCs was achieved with the double layered design.
This article has aimed to analyze the intellectual structure associated with the contributions made by academics and practitioners of architecture in the association between housing and COVID-19 in ...the years 2019–2021. The main results reveal the possibility of establishing a classification, by topics that suggest the necessary interdisciplinary collaboration for housing, to meet the needs and desires of its users in the wake of this pandemic. The network analysis has allowed the identification of overlapping communities through interconnection concepts to other groups or clusters. Thus, it has been possible to explore the multidimensionality of the housing–COVID connection and the interrelationships for future research and its possible extension. In this sense, the importance of the specific concepts associated with very detailed elements, sensations and spaces in buildings has been identified, including concepts such as the air quality and the need for green spaces, the presence or not of balconies, the need for natural light, the existence of cross ventilation or the possibility of incorporating technology or home automation to facilitate and save resources in daily life.
Deep neural networks have gained state-of-the-art results in many applications, such as pattern recognition and computer vision. However, most of the deep neural networks are designed manually by ...researchers. This architecture design process is generally time consuming and needs much expertise. Hence, automatic neural network design becomes an important issue. In this paper, we propose a novel method, called DNA computing inspired networks design (DNAND), to automatically learn high performance deep networks. In DNAND, we use DNA strands to represent blocks of a model, and these DNA strands are reacted to construct the overall networks according to the base pairing principle. We also present the killing strategy, with which we stop training “bad” models if they fail to reach the specific accuracy threshold on the validation set, so as to reduce the computational cost and accelerate the learning process. Extensive experiments on image classification and detection data sets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Massing studies during the early stages of architectural design play an essential role in determining the final building’s performance across design objectives. This paper aims to answer the ...question: How can early-stage architectural design workflows be translated into a generative design process to create valuable massing solutions? In response, a new application of the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) using the Pymoo framework is proposed for the field of Operative Design. Nine experiments are discussed that test the algorithm’s geometry optimization capabilities based on objective functions reflecting common architectural design goals, including Floor Area Ratio (FAR), Non-Passive Zone (NPZ), Roofs and Best Oriented Surfaces (RBOS), and Usable Open Space (UOS). Selected cases are visualized among non-dominated solutions in each experiment demonstrating the trade-offs between different objectives while programmatically generating successful building designs. In the future, the proposed generative design workflow can be implemented to run optimizations independently from other software within immersive environments.
•A generative design workflow is proposed based on Operative Design in architecture.•Design operations including carving and expansion are integrated into an NSGA-II algorithm.•Pymoo in Python, a multi-objective optimization framework, is used to apply NSGA-II.•Nine different experiments are proposed using FAR, NPZ, RBOS, and UOS objectives.•The Non-dominated design solutions were hybrids of carving and expansion, and cases with only either carving or expansion.
An autonomous vehicle operating alongside humans should ideally have a high social capability, such as being able to communicate with humans, negotiate space, predict reactions, etc. This can be ...achieved by a prediction feature trained with diverse data on human behavior. Hierarchical cyber-physical system (CPS) architecture design, which sends the prediction feature to an external server while observing a limited operational design domain (ODD) and acquiring data continuously, has great potential to refine the training process as well as improve the performance. However, this architecture design requires the planning and prediction modules to be explicitly decoupled, which takes away from the recent success on social navigation. In this paper, we propose a novel autonomous navigation framework enabling social behavior while decoupling the planning and prediction modules to take advantage of the hierarchical CPS architecture. In the proposed framework, pedestrian trajectories are predicted as reactions to pre-generated candidates for an ego vehicle trajectory, and the ego vehicle trajectory is then selected to maximize mutual benefit to both the ego vehicle and surrounding pedestrians. We evaluated the proposed framework with simulations using the social force model and found that it was able to achieve the social behavior.
Cubic-phase Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) garnet is a promising solid electrolyte candidate for next-generation Li batteries. As a viable approach, the desired cubic-phase formation of LLZO relies on elemental ...doping. In this regard, various dopants such as Al and Ga are doped into the LLZO samples, which are synthesized using a solid-state reaction method. The Al- and Ga-doped LLZO can transform to a cubic-phase garnet at 900 °C. After 1200 °C sintering, a Li2ZrO3 impurity phase is found for the Al-doped LLZO pellet, which still shows many voids and inhomogeneous particles on the surface. The Ga doping seems to be attractive since it can effectively stabilize the cubic phase and desired microstructure within 900–1200 °C. Based on the optimized Ga-doped LLZO (LGLZO), various electrolyte architecture designs are developed that include LGLZO pellet electrolytes with and without poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI)-LGLZO coating, and hybrid electrolyte layers of PEO-LiTFSI, PEO-LGLZO, and PEO-LiTFSI-LGLZO composites. Li//LiFePO4 (LFP) cells with various types of electrolytes are assembled, and their charge-discharge properties are investigated. The all-solid-state Li//PEO-LiTFSI-LGLZO//LFP cell exhibits satisfactory charge storage performance, which has revealed potential for practical applications.
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•Electrolyte architecture designs are developed using Ga-doped LLZO (LGLZO).•Electrolyte & interfacial resistances vary with PEO/LiTFSI/LGLZO ratio.•Optimal conductivity of PEO-LiTFSI-LGLZO is ∼3.3 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 65 °C.•All-solid-state Li//PEO-LiTFSI-LGLZO//LFP cell shows promising redox performance.
