Dry beans(Phaseolus vulgaris) are rich in complex carbohydrates including resistant starch (RS). RS, the starch fraction that escapes digestion, typically ranges from 35% in raw beans to 4% in cooked ...beans. A low RS bean genotype, Cebo Cela, was identified with 96% less RS (1.5% RS) than normal raw beans. The goal of this research was to elucidate the factors responsible for this low RS phenotype. The low RS phenotype was evaluated in whole bean flour and starch in Cebo Cela (yellow), Canario (yellow), Alpena (navy) and Samurai (otebo). α‐Amylase activation was found to be a major contributor of the low RS content phenotype of the whole bean flour for Cebo Cela (–21.9% inhibition). Total starch (43.6%–40.2%), amylose (31.0%–31.5%), molecular weight and chain length distributions of amylose and amylopectin did not contribute to the low RS phenotype. Yellow bean starches were digested nearly 1.5 times (95%–94%) faster than starch granules from otebo and navy beans (65%–73%) due to lower proportions of amylopectin chains.
Practical Application
This study is of value to the food industry because the yellow bean, Cebo Cela, is easily hydrolyzed by α‐amylase and also has α‐amylase promotion properties. Therefore, Cebo Cela can be used as an alternate starch source for ethanol fermentation and for the production of maltodextrins and fructose/glucose syrups which are used as food thickeners and sweeteners.
PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATORs (PRRs) play key roles in the circadian rhythms and flowering in plants. Here, we identified the four members of the PRR family in Medicago truncatula, including MtPRR9a, ...MtPRR9b, MtPRR7 and MtPRR5, and isolated their Tnt1 retrotransposon-tagged mutants. They were expressed in different organs and were nuclear-localized. The four MtPRRs genes played important roles in normal clock rhythmicity maintenance by negatively regulating the expression of MtGI and MtLHY. Surprisingly, the four MtPRRs functioned redundantly in regulating flowering time under long-day conditions, and the quadruple mutant flowered earlier. Moreover, MtPRR can recruit the MtTPL/MtTPR corepressors and the other MtPRRs to form heterodimers to constitute the core mechanism of the circadian oscillator.
The demand of alternatives to animal sourced milk from plant-source, including soy, rice, oat, hemp, coconut, almond and cashews are at all-time high, due to the medical reasons or lifestyle ...preferences. Medical reasons include lactose intolerance (LI), dairy milk protein allergy, cholesterol problems and life style choices including a vegan diet, ready-made healthy beverage etc. Among plant based milk sources, soy milk is the most consumed and oldest known source. However, soy milk itself has been associated to various limitations mainly pertaining to allergenicity of soy protein. And hence there has been a demand for alternatives for the plant sourced milk for making packaged plant milk or plant based milk and any beverages further.
In the present review, an effort has been made to discuss various choices of pulses whom are envisaged as a potential alternative to soymilk in the preparation of plant based milk, like chickpea, lentils, lupin, pea, and faba bean based on nutritional profile of pulses. The review provides a common processing method which can be utilized for preparation of plant based milks. Moreover, it also highlights different processing treatments that are adapted to reduce oligosaccharides, and various strategies for reduction of antinutritional factors in those pulse alternatives. Likewise, for the set of pulses which are considered to be potential alternative for soy, some of important health benefits such as cardiovascular disease prevention, obesity reduction, anti-cancer benefits, diabetic health and colon health are also highlighted and reviewed in detail.
Since there are only a few plant milk variants in the market, there is an opportunity for further exploitation of potential food sources. Lesser studied food sources especially pulses which include chickpea, lentils, lupin, pea, and faba bean present an attractive source for soymilk alternative. Further, pulses are rich in protein, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, potassium, magnesium, zinc, B vitamins and iron. A limitation in these food sources is presence of antinutritonal factors, however application of suitable processing technology could help in overcoming these limitations.
•Other potential pulse milk alternatives to conventional soy milk has been discussed.•Nutritional richness of pea, lupin, lentil, chickpea and faba bean are highlighted.•Health benefits of pulses in comparison to soybean are discussed.•Different processing treatments for reduction of oligosaccharides are provided.•Strategies to reduce anti-nutritional factors has been discussed.
We verified the possibility of discrimination of raw material beans in white bean paste by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of the protein fractions of white bean ...paste made from tebo (white kidney beans), butter beans, and baby lima beans, which are the raw material beans used for white bean paste in Japan. We found some characteristic bands in each of the white bean paste samples of tebo, butter beans, and baby lima beans. In addition, those characteristic bands were detected in simulated white bean paste in which the mixing ratio of each ingredient was varied. Although it is necessary to evaluate the usefulness of these markers based on the results of quantitative and statistical analyses in future work, these results suggest that SDS-PAGE could be a potential tool for discriminating the raw material beans of white bean paste.
The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is an important invasive pest that causes serious damage to vegetables in China. Changes in digestive ...enzyme activities (α‐amylase, trypsin, and tryptase) and gene expression levels of F. occidentalis were examined after they were transferred to kidney bean, a preferred host, or broad bean, a less‐preferred host. The results showed that α‐amylase and trypsin activities initially decreased in both nymphs and adults after transfer to kidney bean or broad bean plants and they were the lowest in the F1 generation. The α‐amylase and trypsin activities were significantly different among the tested generations. The tryptase activities in the second instars fed on kidney bean plants were not significantly different from those of the controls in nymphs at all three generations, whereas they increased when fed on broad bean plants. Most digestive enzyme genes in both the nymph and adult thrips showed similar changes, decreasing with transfer to kidney bean plants and increasing on broad bean plants. However, the expression levels of the trypsin gene FoTRYP‐1 and the tryptase gene FoTPSB2 in the second instars fed on broad bean and kidney bean plants, respectively, were not significantly different from those of the controls. The expression levels of the four digestive enzyme genes were significantly higher in broad bean than in kidney bean plants. These results indicate that F. occidentalis can adjust its digestive enzyme activities and gene expression levels after being transferred to host plants for which its preference differs and that the changes depend on the specific enzyme, thrips generation, and developmental stage. Findings from this study would provide a basis for further studies to reveal the physiological and ecological bases of the wide host range and strong host adaptability of F. occidentalis.
Digestive enzyme activities and gene expression levels in second instars and female adults were examined over three generations after transfer of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to kidney bean or broad bean plants. The thrips were found to adjust their digestive enzyme activities and gene expression levels after host shifting, with the changes depending on the specific enzyme, thrips generation, and developmental stage. These findings help reveal the physiological and ecological bases of their wide host range and strong host adaptability.
Faba bean meal (FBM) was used to replace soybean meal (SBM) in different proportions, and its impacts on muscle fatty acid composition, flesh quality, and myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) ...expression in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) were evaluated. Five isonitrogenous (33.7% crude protein) and isolipidic (4.1% crude lipid) diets containing different levels of FBM replacing dietary SBM (0, 9, 18, 27, and 36%) were formulated and were randomly assigned to triplicate groups of fish (mean initial weight of 3.39 ± 0.01 g) for 8 weeks. No significant differences were observed between the 0% group and FBM‐supplemented groups (except for 36% group). FBM instead of SBM significantly influenced the fatty acid composition and expression of MRFs, and markedly enhanced shear force and some texture parameters in muscle. Strong correlation was observed between MRFs and flesh textural properties. The maximal proportion of dietary SBM replacement with FBM was estimated to be 28.97% based on weight gain using a quadratic broken‐line model. These results indicated that FBM supplementation might affect flesh quality by regulating expression of some MRFs. The substitution proportion of SBM with FBM in diets of grass carp was 28.97% based on the situation described in this study.
Bacterial surface motility is a complex microbial trait that contributes to host colonization. However, the knowledge about regulatory mechanisms that control surface translocation in rhizobia and ...their role in the establishment of symbiosis with legumes is still limited. Recently, 2-tridecanone (2-TDC) was identified as an infochemical in bacteria that hampers microbial colonization of plants. In the alfalfa symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti, 2-TDC promotes a mode of surface motility that is mostly independent of flagella. To understand the mechanism of action of 2-TDC in S. meliloti and unveil genes putatively involved in plant colonization, Tn5 transposants derived from a flagellaless strain that were impaired in 2-TDC-induced surface spreading were isolated and genetically characterized. In one of the mutants, the gene coding for the chaperone DnaJ was inactivated. Characterization of this transposant and newly obtained flagella-minus and flagella-plus dnaJ deletion mutants revealed that DnaJ is essential for surface translocation, while it plays a minor role in swimming motility. DnaJ loss-of-function reduces salt and oxidative stress tolerance in S. meliloti and hinders the establishment of efficient symbiosis by affecting nodule formation efficiency, cellular infection, and nitrogen fixation. Intriguingly, the lack of DnaJ causes more severe defects in a flagellaless background. This work highlights the role of DnaJ in the free-living and symbiotic lifestyles of S. meliloti.
Common bean plays a crucial role in the agricultural sector in Tanzania. To most smallholder farmers, the crop serves as a principal source of protein and an essential source of income. Despite its ...significance, common bean production is often affected by diseases, particularly bean rust and bean anthracnose, resulting in low yields and diminished economic returns. To address this challenge, a comprehensive dataset of common bean leaf images has been collected by using smartphone cameras to capture the visual characteristics of healthy and diseased leaves. The dataset contains more than 59,072 labeled images, offering a valuable resource for developing machine learning models and user-friendly tools capable of early detection and diagnosis of bean rust and bean anthracnose diseases. The aim of generating this dataset is to facilitate the development of machine learning tools that will empower agricultural extension officers, smallholder farmers, and other stakeholders in agriculture to promptly identify and diagnose affected crops, enabling timely and effective interventions before causing significant economic loss. By equipping farmers with the knowledge and tools to combat these diseases, we can safeguard bean production, enhance food security, and strengthen the economic well-being of smallholder farmers in Tanzania and other parts of Africa.
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