This review examined the factors that influence flavour volatiles of cocoa beans and the volume of work that needs to be done on these factors and their impact on the flavour volatiles of commercial ...cocoa beans. Cocoa bean flavour is one of the most important quality attributes as flavour is central to acceptability of cocoa beans and cocoa products such as chocolate. The complex composition of cocoa bean flavour depends on bean genotype, postharvest treatments such as pulp pre-conditioning, fermentation and drying, industrial processes such as roasting as well as the type of soil and age of cocoa tree. The bean genotype determines the chemical composition of the bean, specifically the contents of bean storage proteins, polysaccharides, and polyphenols. This determines the quantities and type of precursors formed during fermentation and drying processes leading to flavour formation, hence, influencing both flavour type and intensity. Cocoa bean fermentation and drying result in the breakdown of the storage proteins by endogenous proteases into amino acids and short chain oligopeptides while the polysaccharides are also degraded by invertase to glucose and fructose. The amino acids, oligopeptides, glucose and fructose react with each other during the roasting process to produce the typical cocoa flavour volatiles. Polyphenols are also oxidized by polyphenol oxidase during fermentation and drying which reduce the astringency and bitterness of the beans, thus, enhancing the flavour of cocoa beans. However, the extent to which other factors such as age of the cocoa tree and soil chemical compositions influence the formation of flavour precursors and their relationships with final flavour quality remains unclear. With increasing demand for sustainable production of high quality cocoa beans, greater understanding of factors contributing to the variations in flavour character would have significant commercial implications.
•Cocoa beans flavour determines acceptability of cocoa beans and cocoa products such as chocolate.•It is influenced by type of cocoa, soil chemical compositions, age of cocoa tree, postharvest treatments and roasting.•There is research gap on impact of cocoa tree age and soil chemical compositions on formation of flavour volatiles.
Faba bean gall (FBG) is a devastating disease of faba bean (Vicia faba) in Ethiopia. Studies were undertaken first to compare and contrast similarities between FBG disease symptoms and morphology in ...Ethiopia with those reported earlier in China and, secondly, to identify definitively the FBG causal agent, previously considered as Olpidium viciae, through molecular studies. Morphological studies confirmed an epibiotic phase of zoosporangia for dispersing zoospores, characteristic of Physoderma but not Olpidium, and did not show critical diagnostic characteristics of Olpidium such as presence of numerous short zoosporangial discharging tubes, or binucleate resting sporangia. Recognizing this epibiotic phase is a foundation for comprehending FBG epidemiology and will allow forecasting of zoospore release to highlight best timings for applications of chemical sprays to reduce reinfection cycles. Sequences of partial ITS1‐5.8S‐partial ITS2, the 18S‐ITS1‐5.8S‐ITS2‐part of 28S rRNA, and LSU (28S rRNA) derived from tissue with symptoms confirmed Physoderma, and not Olpidium, as the causal agent. Sample sequences were either close to Physoderma or the contaminant ascochyta pathogen Didymella. From symptom, morphological, and molecular data, the causal agent of FBG disease in Ethiopia is Physoderma. From observations of symptoms that Physoderma can cause, it was determined that this Physoderma crosses over between different legume host genera (e.g., Vicia, Pisum, Trifolium), highlighting the significant biosecurity risk for countries currently free of FBG.
Morphological and molecular studies confirmed Physoderma, not Olpidium, as the true cause of the devastating faba bean gall disease in Ethiopia.
The western flower thrips,
Frankliniella occidentalis
(Pergande) is an economically important invasive pest. It shows different preferences for various vegetables. This study investigated the ...responses of detoxification enzyme and gene expression in
F. occidentalis
when thrips were transferred from kidney bean pods to new hosts kidney bean plant and broad bean plant. Variations in the activities and gene expressions of carboxylesterase (CarE), glutathione S-transferase (GSTs) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450) in
F. occidentalis
in F
1
, F
2
and F
3
generations were determined on new hosts. The results showed that activities and gene expression of detoxification enzymes were significantly influenced by the host, stage and generation, and there were significant interactions in most situations between the two factors and among three factors. After transferring to kidney bean plant, the activities of the detoxification enzymes exhibited a similar pattern of variation, with maximal levels observed in the F
1
generation. By the F
3
generation, activities of CarE and GSTs in 2nd instar larvae remained higher than the control group. When
F. occidentalis
were transferred to broad bean plant, the activities of CarE and P450 in 2nd instar larvae and adults also rose. The expressions of
CL4503.Contig2
in
F. occidentalis
significantly decreased after transfer to kidney bean plants, while it was significantly up-regulated after thrips were transferred to broad bean plant. However, the expressions of
CL992.contig14
,
CL1914.Contig2
and
Unigene18748
in three generations significantly decreased. The results indicated that
F. occidentalis
was able to rapidly respond by altering the activities of its detoxification enzymes and related genes expressions, thereby gradually adapting to different hosts in each successive generation.
The objective of this research was to determine the bioactive properties of the released peptides from commercially available precook common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). Bioactive properties and ...peptide profiles were evaluated in protein hydrolysates of raw and commercially precooked common beans. Five varieties (Black, Pinto, Red, Navy, and Great Northern) were selected for protein extraction, protein and peptide molecular mass profiles, and peptide sequences. Potential bioactivities of hydrolysates, including antioxidant capacity and inhibition of α‐amylase, α‐glucosidase, dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV (DPP‐IV), and angiotensin converting enzyme I (ACE) were analyzed after digestion with pepsin/pancreatin. Hydrolysates from Navy beans were the most potent inhibitors of DPP‐IV with no statistical differences between precooked and raw (IC₅₀= 0.093 and 0.095 mg protein/mL, respectively). α‐Amylase inhibition was higher for raw Red, Navy and Great Northern beans (36%, 31%, 27% relative to acarbose (rel ac)/mg protein, respectively). α‐Glucosidase inhibition among all bean hydrolysates did not show significant differences; however, inhibition values were above 40% rel ac/mg protein. IC₅₀values for ACE were not significantly different among all bean hydrolysates (range 0.20 to 0.34 mg protein/mL), except for Red bean that presented higher IC₅₀values. Peptide molecular mass profile ranged from 500 to 3000 Da. A total of 11 and 17 biologically active peptide sequences were identified in raw and precooked beans, respectively. Peptide sequences YAGGS and YAAGS from raw Great Northern and precooked Pinto showed similar amino acid sequences and same potential ACE inhibition activity. Processing did not affect the bioactive properties of released peptides from precooked beans. Commercially precooked beans could contribute to the intake of bioactive peptides and promote health.
Although the importance of the soil microbiome in mediating plant community structures and functions has been increasingly emphasized in ecological studies, the biological processes driving crop ...diversity overyielding remain unexplained in agriculture. Based on the plant–soil feedback (PSF) theory and method, we quantified to what extent and how soil microbes contributed to intercropping overyielding.
Soils were collected as inocula and sequenced from a unique 10‐year field experiment, consisting of monoculture, intercropping and rotation planted with wheat (Triticum aestivum), maize (Zea mays) or faba bean (Vicia faba). A PSF greenhouse study was conducted to test microbial effects on three crops' growth in monoculture or intercropping.
In wheat & faba bean (W&F) and maize & faba bean (M&F) systems, soil microbes drove intercropping overyielding compared to monoculture, with 28%–51% of the overyielding contributed by microbial legacies. The overyielding effects resulted from negative PSFs in both systems, as crops, in particular faba bean grew better in soils conditioned by other crops than itself. Moreover, faba bean grew better in soils from intercropping or rotation than from the average of monocultures, indicating a strong positive legacy effect of multispecies cropping systems. However, with positive PSF and negative legacy benefit effect of intercropping/rotation, we did not observe significant overyielding in the W&M system.
With more bacterial and fungal dissimilarities by metabarcoding in heterospecific than its own soil, the better it improved faba bean growth. More detailed analysis showed faba bean monoculture soil accumulated more putative pathogens with higher Fusarium relative abundance and more Fusarium oxysporum gene copies by qPCR, while in heterospecific soils, there were less pathogenic effects when cereals were engaged. Further analysis in maize/faba bean intercropping also showed an increase of rhizobia relative abundance.
Synthesis and applications. Our results demonstrate a soil microbiome‐mediated advantage in intercropping through suppression of the negative PSF of pathogens and increasing beneficial microbes. As microbial mediation of overyielding is context‐dependent, we conclude that the dynamics of both beneficial and pathogenic microbes should be considered in designing cropping systems for sustainable agriculture, particularly including combinations of legumes and cereals.
Our results demonstrate a soil microbiome‐mediated advantage in intercropping through suppression of the negative PSF of pathogens and increasing beneficial microbes. As microbial mediation of overyielding is context‐dependent, we conclude that the dynamics of both beneficial and pathogenic microbes should be considered in designing cropping systems for sustainable agriculture, particularly including combinations of legumes and cereals.
The review evaluates faba bean (Vicia faba L.; FB) seeds relative to their nutritional composition, their content of antinutritional factors, and their impact on animal performance. The literature ...indicates that FB plant is a cool‐season, annual grain legume that grows the best in cool and humid conditions. Its seeds are rich in protein, energy, and mineral compounds and have particularly high unsaturated fatty acid levels. However, FB seeds also contain various proportions of antinutritional factors (ANFs) that can interfere with nutrient utilization in nonruminants. The various processing methods are efficient in either reducing or inactivating the ANFs of FB seeds, with extrusion treatment offering the most effective method of improving apparent nutrient and energy digestibility of nonruminants. In vivo studies on ruminants, pigs, poultry, and fishes reveal that FB seeds have the potential to be used as a substitute for soybean meal and/or cereal seeds in livestock diets in order to support milk, meat, and/or egg production.
Faba bean plant is a cool‐season, annual grain legume that grows the best in cool and humid conditions. Its seeds are rich in protein, energy, and mineral compounds and have particularly high unsaturated fatty acid levels. Its seeds have the potential to be used as a substitute for soybean meal and/or cereal seeds in livestock diets in order to support milk, meat, and/or egg production.
Under the present era of changing climate, plants face simultaneous abiotic pressures rather than single stress. Under these unprecedented and joint environmental pressures, thorough research efforts ...toward controlling such major stresses should be done. A pot experiment was, therefore, conducted to unravel the salicylic acid (SA) mediated underlying defense mechanisms under concurrent stress (drought and salt) conditions in two varieties of
Vicia faba
L. (Assiut wardy and Assiut 84). The results revealed that separate and combined drought and salt stress decreased growth kinetic traits, photosynthetic pigments, water relations and mineral contents but increased oxidative stress biomarkers, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant gadgets, osmolytes and secondary metabolites. Application of SA to drought- and/or salt-stressed plants reduced oxidative damage by triggering the modulation of the activities of antioxidants and maintaining an enhanced pool of reducing agents under drought and/or salt stress conditions differentially in two varieties of faba bean. Thus, the application of SA to drought- and/or salt-stressed faba bean varieties could be used as a potential tool to induce resistance for increasing growth and crop yield under today’s era of climate change.
Megacopta cribraria (F.) (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) is an Old World pest of legumes in Asia. Since its 2009 discovery in Georgia, it has become an economic pest of soybeans in the southeastern United ...States. The objective of this study was to determine the host preference of M. cribraria on edible legumes that might incur economic damage from injury of this pest. From 2012 to 2013 choice, nochoice, and field trials were conducted to evaluate the host suitability of several beans of commercial interest including pinto bean, lima bean, winter pea, and black-eyed pea. Choice and no-choice studies were conducted under greenhouse conditions. Plants in greenhouse trials were infested with adults and egg masses collected from kudzu and soybean and monitored for ∼2 wk. Field trials were allowed to be infested by naturally occurring M. cribraria populations. Sweep and whole plant counts of adults, egg masses, and nymphs were used to quantify field infestations. The legume crops found to be suitable developmental hosts are soybean, edamame, and pigeon pea. Low levels of development were seen on fava bean and none on the remaining entries.
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