The physiological sagittal spinal curvature represents a typical feature of good body posture in the sagittal plane. The cervical and the lumbar spine are curved anteriorly (lordosis), while the ...thoracic segment is curved posteriorly (kyphosis). The pelvis is inclined anteriorly, and the lower limbs' joints remain in a neutral position. However, there are many deviations from the optimal body alignment.The aim of this paper is to present the most common types of non-structural misalignments of the body posture in the sagittal plane.
The most common types of non-structural misalignments of body posture in the sagittal plane are as follows: (1) lordotic, (2) kyphotic, (3) flat-back, and (4) sway-back postures. Each one may influence both the skeletal and the muscular system leading to the functional disturbance and an increased strain of the supporting structures. Usually, the disturbances localized within the muscles are analyzed in respect to their shortening or lengthening. However, according to suggestions presented in the literature, when the muscles responsible for maintaining good body posture (the so-called stabilizers) are not being stimulated to resist against gravity for an extended period of time, e.g., during prolonged sitting, their stabilizing function is disturbed by the hypoactivity reaction resulting in muscular weakness. The deficit of the locomotor system stability triggers a compensatory mechanism-the stabilizing function is overtaken by the so-called mobilizing muscles. However, as a side effect, such compensation leads to the increased activity of mobilizers (hyperactivity) and decreased flexibility, which may finally lead to the pathological chain of reaction within the musculoskeletal system.
There exist four principal types of non-structural body posture misalignments in the sagittal plane: lordotic posture, kyphotic posture, flat-back posture, and sway-back posture. Each of them can disturb the physiological loading of the musculoskeletal system in a specific way, which may lead to a functional disorder.When planning postural corrective exercises, not only the analysis of muscles in respect to their shortening and lengthening but also their hypoactivity and hyperactivity should be considered.
Increased motor activity does not unequivocally affect the incidence rates of correct and incorrect postures and practising physical exercise does not ensure good posture. One-sided load that occurs ...in competitive sports affects the formation of physiological curves of the spine, most often causing their deepening. In disciplines characterised by asymmetry of movements, lateral curvatures of the spine occur more often than in others.In order to achieve a posture considered to be correct, in addition to general development and sports result-oriented exercises, it is necessary to consciously shape and correct it. This is especially important when working with children and youth. It should be remembered that the susceptibility of the spine to changes in the shape of curves is different and depends on age. Wolański studied the so-called critical periods of posturogenesis among Warsaw youth and stated that the most dangerous age is between 12 and 15 for boys and between 10 and 13 for girls.It is then that the thoracic and lumbar curves are characterised by the greatest lability. They are very often deepened, which the author explains, among others changes in body proportions, i.e. elongation of the lower limbs. The commencement of professional training often takes place during this period, therefore, compensatory exercises should be its permanent element.
Hip‐worn accelerometers are widely used to estimate physical activity (PA), but the accuracy of acceleration threshold‐based analysis is compromised when it comes to identifying stationary and ...sedentary behaviors, let alone classifying body postures into lying, sitting, or standing. The purpose of this study was to devise a novel method for accurate classification of body posture using triaxial data from hip‐worn accelerometer and to evaluate its performance in free‐living conditions against a thigh‐worn accelerometer. The posture classification rested on 2 facts: constant Earth's gravity vector and upright walking posture. Thirty healthy adults wore a hip‐mounted accelerometer and underwent an array of lying, sitting, standing, and walking tasks. Task type, their order, and length were randomly assigned to each participant. During walking, the accelerometer orientation in terms of gravity vector was taken as reference, and the angle for posture estimation (APE) was determined from the incident accelerometer orientation in relation to the reference vector. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve yielded an optimal cut‐point APE of 64.9° (sensitivity 100% and specificity 100%) for lying and sitting and 11.6° (94.2%; 94.5%) for sitting and standing. In free‐living conditions, high agreement (89.2% for original results and 90.4% for median‐filtered results) in identifying sedentary periods (sitting and lying) was observed between the results from hip‐ and thigh‐worn accelerometers. Walking provides a valid reference activity to determine the body posture. The proposed APE analysis of the raw data from hip‐worn triaxial accelerometer gives accurate and specific information about daily times spent lying, sitting, and standing.
Background Playing a musical instrument requires physical movements that are involved in sound production and movements with more expressive and communicative characteristics. Both movements co-occur ...during a performance; however, the interaction between the movements is still unclear. Methods Using motion capture technology, the movement patterns of clarinetists were analyzed at certain points in a performance to investigate how instrumental and ancillary movements interplay. Movements in the arms and knees of clarinetists during a performance were recorded using this technology. The mean angular movements at specific points in the piece, where some players inhaled and others did not, were compared. Results While the players who inhaled adopted significantly more upright body and neutral arm positions, the players who did not inhale seemed less interrupted in their performance. The results showed that the players performed rather individual ancillary movements, but at specific points, such as during melodic transitions, they performed similarly. At certain points in the melody, while some players needed to inhale, others adjusted their playing according to the inhalation moment to adopt a suitable body position. Discussion The ancillary movement was consequently interrupted by the physiological necessity to inhale. The findings provide more insights into the interplay of instrumental and ancillary movements during a performance.
Introduction. The problem of overloading children with too heavy schoolbags has been repeatedly reported in the period between August and September. Material and method. The survey was conducted in a ...group of 65 parents of children aged 7 years. The survey included 9 questions. Conclusions. (1) Parents usually declare they know the health status of their children. They believe that the child will be carrying a four-kilogram schoolbag on his or her back, learn using conventional methods (without tablets), and spend about two hours on improving their physical fitness. (2) The development of physical fitness and the prevention of static posture disorders are not supported by parents' acceptance of the preorientation of the children's lifestyles.
Real-time and automatic monitoring of worker behaviors and activities have great potential to improve construction job site operation. Traditional behavior monitoring of construction workers relies ...on human interpretation to determine workers' semantic conditions (e.g., tasks performing, safety status). Although advanced sensing technologies provide more accurate quantitative data on worker behavior, how to effectively link the data to a worker's semantic condition in a form that is understandable for humans remains a challenge. This paper proposed a novel posture coding scheme based on the worker's body part relative position (BPRP) information. The proposed coding scheme compresses the quantitative 3D skeleton data into qualitative posture descriptions but keeps the body part relative space information. Afterward, an indoor motion test is conducted to validate the reliability of the proposed BPBR coding scheme. The test results showed that by employing the BPRP coding scheme, the manual and automatic posture coding could achieve consistent results. Therefore, the manual posture coding results can be transformed into human skeleton figures and then further processed by the quantitative algorithms. Correspondingly, the computer-captured human skeleton data can be easily connected to the manual observation results by interpreting the BPRB codes
•A worker posture coding scheme is proposed based on a worker's Body Parts Relative Position.•An automatic worker posture coding model is developed based on the proposed coding scheme.•A consistency test is demonstrated between the automatic coding scheme and the manual coding scheme.
Introduction. The boundaries of human adaptation to the load of exercise in sport, recreational and occupational activity are flexible but not unlimited. Material, methods and research tools. 393 ...students from randomly selected music schools were qualified for the study. In each of the schools involved in the study, the level of physical fitness was assessed using the Eurofit test and the level of body posture parameters by means of the photogrammetric method. Summary As regards the players of musical instruments, the most frequent correlations with the characteristics of physical fitness were observed among female pupils of class III, IV, V and male pupils of class I, moderately frequent relationships were recorded among female students of II, VI and male students of class II, III and the fewest correlations were noticed among female pupils of class I and male pupils of class IV and V. Considering the frequency of correlations among female students, the most frequent relationships were recorded in class I, V and IV, the moderately frequent ones in class II and VI and the fewest in class I (…)
Introduction. The boundaries of human adaptation to the load of exercise in sport, recreational and occupational activity are flexible but not unlimited. Material, methods and research tools. 393 ...students from randomly selected music schools were qualified for the study. In each of the schools involved in the study, the level of physical fitness was assessed using the Eurofit test and the level of body posture parameters by means of the photogrammetric method. Summary As regards the players of musical instruments, the most frequent correlations with the characteristics of physical fitness were observed among female pupils of class III, IV, V and male pupils of class I, moderately frequent relationships were recorded among female students of II, VI and male students of class II, III and the fewest correlations were noticed among female pupils of class I and male pupils of class IV and V. Considering the frequency of correlations among female students, the most frequent relationships were recorded in class I, V and IV, the moderately frequent ones in class II and VI and the fewest in class I (…)
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