The emergence of double entry bookkeeping marked the shift in bookkeeping from a mechanical task to a skilled craft, and represented the beginnings of the accounting profession. This study seeks to ...identify what caused this significant change in bookkeeping practice. I do so by adopting a new accounting history perspective to investigate the circumstances surrounding the emergence of double entry in early 13th century Italy. Contrary to previous findings, this paper concludes that the most likely form of enterprise where bookkeeping of this form emerged is a bank, most likely in Florence. Accountability of the local bankers in Florence to the Bankers Guild provided a unique external impetus to generate a new form of bookkeeping. This new bookkeeping format provided a clear and unambiguous picture of the accounts of all debtors and creditors, along with the means to check that the entries between them were complete and accurate.
As the most significant contributor to the Indonesian economy, MSMEs, which are Micro, Small, and Medium-sized Enterprises, play an essential role in reducing unemployment as they are resilient and ...resistant to economic crises. So, developing their activities or business and paying attention to the financial reports is crucial. The hawkers and traders in MSMEs also urgently need to be facilitated and assisted in financial literacy, starting from the simple bookkeeping process. This development of the assistance program is intended to provide materials and assistance to traders or hawkers and MSMEs in Taman Baca Masyarakat Sakila Kerti Tegal, particularly in the bus station area. By giving presentations, discussions, and case studies, followed by direct assistance, it is proven that the level of understanding and ability to do simple bookkeeping processes has increased and resulted in better knowledge and literacy. Moreover, Microsoft Excel has been introduced as a helpful software for MSMEs in the bookkeeping process, which increases their awareness of utilizing the usefulness of information technology. AbtsrakSebagai kontributor terbesar atas ekonomi Indonesia, Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) berperan signifikan dalam mengurangi pengangguran karena kemampuannya bertahan pada krisis ekonomi. Sehingga, penting bagi mereka untuk bisa membangun bisnisnya dengan baik dan memberi perhatian lebih pada proses pencatatan akuntansi. Para pedagang asongan dan pedagang yang juga termasuk dalam UMKM juga sangat perlu difasilitasi dan dibantu dalam hal literasi keuangan, dimulai dari pembukuan sederhana. Pengembangan program pelatihan ini bertujuan untuk memberikan pendampingan berupa materi dan pelatihan langsung kepada para pedagang asongan dan UMKM di Taman Baca Masyarakat Sakila Kerti Tegal, khususnya di kawasan terminal bus. Dengan memberikan presentasi, diskusi, dan studi kasus yang dilanjutkan dengan pendampingan langsung, terbukti bahwa tingkat pemahaman dan kemampuan melakukan pembukuan sederhana semakin meningkat dan menghasilkan pengetahuan dan literasi yang lebih baik. Selain itu, pengenalan Microsoft Excel sebagai perangkat lunak yang berguna bagi UMKM dalam melakukan proses pembukuan juga telah dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kesadaran mereka dalam memanfaatkan kegunaan teknologi informasi.Kata Kunci: Akuntansi; pembukuan; UMKM
This article conducts a study of the circumstances surrounding an 'invention' by Edmond Degrange père in 1804 which was said to be 'American'. Degrange sought to simplify double-entry bookkeeping by ...combining the journal and ledger on a single page. Based on a review of the curious follow-on literature, first in Belgium and then also in Italy, France and particularly in Germany, which labelled this invention as 'American', even though no American had anything to do with it and it was unknown in the USA, we speculate why a French 'invention' was labelled as 'American'.
"This is a well-written book; the complex ideas are clearly
expressed and the arguments well stated. There is some apparent
rediscovery (and renaming) of old ideas, but the process is made
palatable ...and worthwhi le by the crispness of the discussion and
the un wavering penetration to the root of each issue as it arises.
Most difficult problems in the social sciences, the authors note,
have no definitive solutions, but simply outcomes. This book
deserves a niche among the classic works in the business income
literature as a significant milestone on the road to whatever
outcome the future holds."-- The Journal of Business
"Professors Edwards and Bell give us a most satisfying study of
different concepts of business income. It is rare to find authors
so much at home in both economics and accounting. As they
themselves suggest, time may show that their programme needs
amendment; but they state the problem clearly and provide an
excellent starting point. In passing, they give help on many other
questions--when to replace plant, how to measure depreciation,
which rate of compound interest to use in budgets, and so on.
Beyond doubt their book is the most wise and original contribution
to accounting theory since Professor Bonbright wrote 'The Valuation
of Property' a quarter of a century ago."-- The Economist
•Double entry and single entry bookkeeping are parts of one accounting system.•The Sombart's thesis needs to be clarified.•The research methods of the origin of accounting are distorted by ...double-entry fetish.
The discussions on the relationship of the development of capitalism with double-entry bookkeeping (DEB) and single-entry bookkeeping (SEB), initiated by Sombart and Yami, gained a new quality after Bryer's research. During these discussions, the parties repeatedly referred to the comparative advantages of DEB and SEB. But these advantages were only mentioned, and their detailed analysis was not carried out. This article is devoted to filling this gap. The analysis showed that both systems completely coincided at the basic level: they were intended for capital accounting, formed the same balance sheets, and used the same methods and registers. The differences were only in the smaller nomenclature of accounts formed by various stages of the SEB in the General Ledger and, accordingly, in lower costs for its maintenance. Therefore, DEB can be interpreted as an advanced version of SEB. Both systems, mistakenly perceived as competitors, complemented each other well, contributing to the development of capitalism in the entire spectrum of its transitional forms.
•Spatial patterns and temporal variation in land use/cover change in China.•LUCC is the result of a combination of natural factors and human activities.•Bookkeeping model was coupled with the 3-PGS ...model to explore the carbon budget.
The land-use and cover change (LUCC) is a major factor in the terrestrial carbon cycle. However, the changes of vegetation biomass and soil carbon sequestration caused by land-use conversion have large uncertainties. In the study, we determined the LUCC features through the method of performing transition matrix and transfer trajectory analysis during 2000–2018. By integrating the 3-PGS model and an empirical bookkeeping model, we also explored the carbon budget from land-use conversion in the terrestrial ecosystem of China. The results demonstrated significant losses in grassland (36.22 × 106 ha), farmland (1.39 × 106 ha), and large expansion of built-up land (9.46 × 106 ha), woodland (3.59 × 106 ha). The study revealed that LUCC was driven by natural factors (11.05%) and human activities (8.25%), and natural factors, such as climate, natural vegetation succession, and other natural disturbances, were slightly higher. The total carbon storage caused by LUCC has been increased by approximately 1.32 Pg C, which stored in vegetation biomass (1.11 Pg C) and soil (0.21 Pg C), respectively. Large carbon losses (approximately 29.81 Tg C/yr) have resulted from deforestation, whereas carbon gains happened with the Grain to Green activity, cultivation, and afforestation. Overall, LUCC has a significant effect on increasing sinks in the terrestrial carbon pool in China. Our findings have implications for improving the estimation accuracy of carbon pools and comprehending the impact of human activities on regional carbon balance in China's terrestrial ecosystem.
Nowadays, more and more Romanians do their shopping online, accessing various websites where individual persons/legal entities display the products they want to sell. Thus, it can be seen that the ...field of electronic commerce is gaining more and more ground, to the detriment of the traditional one. In this article we aim to present the accounting and tax treatment of online trading activities carried out by authorized natural persons and how to proceed when deciding to switch from single-entry bookkeeping to double-entry bookkeeping.
The present work aims in providing guidelines for the aerodynamic and performance optimization of fixed-wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) that operate in the low-speed subsonic regime. Using a ...combination of textbook methods, low-fidelity and high-fidelity aerodynamic analysis tools, an aerodynamics and drag breakdown analysis is made on a reference UAV wing platform. Then, a complete drag bookkeeping study is made on the corresponding reference UAV configuration, providing the contribution of each part to the total drag budget for various angles of attack. Using the results of the aerodynamic investigations as guide, a thorough drag-reduction technologies screening is made based on existing literature, with the discussion also including integration and realization issues. Concluding, the most promising technologies are proposed taking into account the potential benefits as well as the technology readiness. The current work can serve as a base for future, more detailed, aerodynamic and performance enhancement studies for UAVs.
Pacioli's Lens Sangster, Alan
The Accounting review,
03/2018, Volume:
93, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
This paper investigates why, in 1494, the Franciscan friar and teacher of mathematics, Luca Pacioli, published an instructional treatise describing the system of double entry bookkeeping. In doing ...so, it also explores the rhetoric and foundations of double entry through the lens of Pacioli's treatise. Recent findings on Pacioli's life and works, his writings, and the medieval accounting archives are combined to identify how he was inspired by his faith and his humanist beliefs to give all merchants access to the practical mathematics and the bookkeeping they required. The paper finds that Pacioli's teaching method was inspired by Euclid, his Franciscan education, and his humanist beliefs, and that Pacioli reveals a simplicity in the then-unrecognized axiomatic foundation of double entry that has been largely overlooked. The findings represent a paradigm shift in how we perceive Pacioli, his treatise, and double entry.
Detection of extremely rare variant alleles, such as tumor DNA, within a complex mixture of DNA molecules is experimentally challenging due to sequencing errors. Barcoding of target DNA molecules in ...library construction for next-generation sequencing provides a way to identify and bioinformatically remove polymerase induced errors. During the barcoding procedure involving t consecutive PCR cycles, the DNA molecules become barcoded by Unique Molecular Identifiers (UMIs). Different library construction protocols utilize different values of t. The effect of a larger t and imperfect PCR amplifications in relation to UMI cluster sizes is poorly described. This paper proposes a branching process with growing immigration as a model describing the random outcome of t cycles of PCR barcoding. Our model discriminates between five different amplification rates r1, r2, r3, r4, r for different types of molecules associated with the PCR barcoding procedure. We study this model by focussing on Ct, the number of clusters of molecules sharing the same UMI, as well as Ct(m), the number of UMI clusters of size m. Our main finding is a remarkable asymptotic pattern valid for moderately large t. It turns out that E(Ct(m))/E(Ct)≈2−m for m=1,2,…, regardless of the underlying parameters (r1,r2,r3,r4,r). The knowledge of the quantities Ct and Ct(m) as functions of the experimental parameters t and (r1,r2,r3,r4,r) will help the users to draw more adequate conclusions from the outcomes of different sequencing protocols.
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