Sustainable forest management highlights the multipurpose use of all forest resources, including the use of wild mushrooms, by a variety of forest users and especially for rural livelihoods. To ...achieve sustainable forest management, among others, decision-makers and forest managers need to identify the important elements for the livelihoods of local communities dependent on forests. Therefore, our aim is to analyse the importance of contemporary use of wild mushrooms for daily livelihoods in rural areas of the Carpathian Mountains by comparing two ethnic groups, Hutsuls and Romanians, living in a similar ecological environment and formerly belonging to the historical region of Bukovina, but currently split by the border between Ukraine and Romania which have different governments and economic situations. One hundred and twenty-one face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted in the summers of 2018 and 2019. We compared the Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) of Romanians and Hutsuls living, respectively, in lowlands and mountain areas on both sides of the border. Our results demonstrated the homogenous use of mushroom species for cultural purposes (e.g. ritual foods). Yet, we detected a remarkable difference in the role mushrooms play in providing income: Hutsuls in Ukraine use forest products as a main (rarely additional) source of income, while Romanian Hutsuls use them solely as additional income. Romanians on both sides considered mushrooms mainly as food and did not sell them (probably due in part to less abundance in the area). We also documented the fear of local residents that forest management and protected areas could suppress the right to collect wild mushrooms. The use of mushrooms is an important aspect of local TEK and needs to be considered as a part of sustainable forest management and as a means of poverty reduction in the region.
Antoniy Moysey. Funeral aspects of folk healing practices of the Ukrainian and Romanian population in Bukovina (historiographical review). The research belongs to review articles and deals with the ...describe and analyze of available sources and literature on the subject of traditional medicine in Bukovina. Article is written by the author based on comparative analysis of materials of field studies and students questionnaires from different regions of Ukraine and Bukovnina. Compared to previous publications presented article addes many new data focused on specific issues of traditional medicine by Ukrainians and Romanians in our region. This research is devoted to the development of the ethnological science in Ukrain and Bukovina. For ex., the works of S. Boltarovych, V. Borisenko, A. Boriak, N. Gavrilyuk, A. Stryzhakovskoyi, G. Kozholyanko, M. Mayerchyk, I. Shcherbakov and others. The reason of articles research is also the absence of special articles devoted to this subject for the Romanians and Moldovans in Bukovina and their relationships in the traditional medicine field with Ukrainians. A huge factual material is collected by field research in 1997 - 2016 years. This basis accumulate a personal archive of the author. It deals with various aspects of folk healing practices in Romanians and the Ukrainian Bukovina ethnographic zones. As a result of the field research was obtained ethnographic information on traditional medicine originating from 65 localities of Ukraine (12 regions: Vinnytsia, Volyn, Zhytomyr, Zakarpattia, Ivano-Frankivsk, Kirovohrad, Lviv, Rivne, Ternopil, Khmelnytsky, Chernivtsi and Chernihiv). Accumulate a database for the work ‑ answers to the questionnaire, respondents recorded from Romanian villages Chernivtsi region, providing an opportunity to for comparative analysis of materials with traditional medicine. A large number of the questionnaire are such as: the period of women pregnancy and treatment of newborns. In addition to rational methods of treatment was investigated as part of the irrational: the mythological picture of pathogens, spells, fumigation, magical items and ingredients used in the past in the treatment of diseases and so on. So, existing source base and historiography ethnographic studies on traditional medicine in Ukrainian and Romanian Bukovina enough volume and allows the researcher to enter into the details of medical practice Bukovinians level existing at some point common diseases, ideas about the causes of disease, means and methods of treatment. Key words: folk medicine, herbal medicine, Bukovina, Romanian population of Bukovina, Ukrainian population of Bukovina, ethnography. Антоний Мойсей. Ритуальные аспекты народной лечебной практики украинского и румынского населения Буковины (историографический обзор). Считая компаративный метод подхода к анализу взаимовлияния двух этнических культур, которые веками соседствуют в буковинской этнографической зоне лимитрофного пространстве между украинским и румыноязычные населением, очень важным для выявления общих и отличительных генетических и цивилизационных черт, автор статьи раскрывает ключевую базу и историографию подхода к этой проблеме. По сравнению с прошлыми публикациями автора статья дополнена многими новыми данными, ориентированная на конкретную проблематику народной медицины двух народов. Особую ценность представляет информация, собранная в последнее время в результате полевых исследований и анкетирования студентов из разных регионов Украины, в частности ‑ Буковины. Ключевые слова: народная медицина, траволечение, Буковина, румынское население Буковины, украинское население Буковины, этнография.
The problem of Ukrainian borrowings in the Polish dialect of Bukovinian highlanders The article is based on dialectal material, collected from Bukovinian highlanders according to the guidelines ...published in the AllCarpathian Dialect Atlas, in which a considerable role is played by Ukrainian vocabulary. The latter has been divided into two groups: 1) natively Ukrainian words; and 2) words that are borrowings in Ukrainian, and that have become part of the Bukovinian highlanders’ lexicon presumably via Ukrainian. Noteworthy in the first group (Ukrainian borrowings) are the words commonly used in all six studied villages. The Ukrainian lexemes used in four or five of the villages either: a)while having a Slavic origin, are also known in Romanian; or b) are words of ProtoSlavic origin. Finally, borrowings appearing in one, two or three villages can probably be explained by the influence of the state language on the dispersed highlander population. In the second group of borrowings, i.e., farther borrowings in Ukrainian, the most frequent of subgroups are Hungarian borrowings into Romanian and Ukrainian. Another subgroup are Latin borrowings, which must have been passed to Ukrainian through Romanian, as well as direct or indirect borrowings from Turkish. The material also features borrowings from Romanian, German via Polish, and French. Ukrainian borrowings in the Polish dialect of Bukovinian highlanders are a difficult interpretational and classificatory problem. The question of whether the highlanders borrowed these words from Ukrainian or Romanian cannot be answered unambiguously, especially since between 1918 and 1944 Bukovina was a part of Romania and Romanian was the language of education, official communication etc. Similarly, we do not know if the words originating from Romanian have been borrowed directly from this language or via Ukrainian. The same can be applied to Hungarian and German. The presented material can thus only be treated as one part of the vocabulary of the Bukovinian highlanders’ dialect. Problematyka pożyczek ukraińskich w polskiej gwarze górali bukowińskich W przeanalizowanym materiale, zebranym wśród polskich górali bukowińskich na podstawie kwestionariusza Ogólnokarpackiego atlasu dialektologicznego, znaczną rolę odgrywa słownictwo ukraińskie. Zostało ono podzielone na dwie grupy: 1) rodzime wyrazy ukraińskie i 2) pożyczki przejęte z innych języków przez język ukraiński, które znalazły się w polskiej gwarze górali bukowińskich zapewne za jego pośrednictwem. W pierwszej grupie (pożyczki ukraińskie) zwracają uwagę wyrazy występujące powszechnie we wszystkich sześciu zbadanych wsiach, związane z życiem codziennym. Leksemy występujące w czterech lub pięciu wsiach można natomiast podzielić na: a) znane też w języku rumuńskim, które przeszły ze słowiańskiego; b)wyrazy prasłowiańskie. Wreszcie pożyczki występujące w jednej, dwóch lub trzech wsiach można prawdopodobnie wyjaśnić wpływem języka państwowego na rozproszoną ludność góralską. W drugiej grupie pożyczek, tzn. pożyczkach dalszych w języku ukraińskim, na pierwszy plan wysuwają się pożyczki węgierskie w języku rumuń skim i ukraińskim. Kolejną podgrupę tworzą pożyczki z łaciny, które musiały przejść przez język rumuński do ukraińskiego; znajdują się tu także pożyczki z języka tureckiego w ukraińskim lub poprzez turecki. W zebranym materiale znajdziemy także zapożyczenia z języka rumuńskiego, z niemieckiego za pośrednictwem polskiego oraz z języka francuskiego. Zapożyczenia ukraińskie w polskiej gwarze górali bukowińskich stanowią poważny problem interpretacyjny i klasyfikacyjny. Na pytanie, czy górale przyjęli te pożyczki z ukraińskiego czy z rumuńskiego, nie można dać jednoznacznej odpowiedzi; tym bardziej że Bukowina w okresie od 1918 do 1944 roku należała do Rumunii i język rumuński był językiem szkół, urzędów itd. Nie wiadomo także, czy wyrazy pochodzenia rumuńskiego przeszły przez język ukraiński, czy też zapożyczone zostały bezpośrednio. To samo dotyczy języka węgierskiego i niemieckiego. Przedstawiony materiał może być więc traktowany tylko jako jedna z części ogólnego zasobu słownikowego gwary górali bukowińskich.
Located on the border of present-day Romania and Ukraine, the
historical region of Bukovina was the site of widespread
displacement and violence as it passed from Romanian to Soviet
hands and back ...again during World War II. This study focuses on two
groups of "Bukovinians"-ethnic Germans and German-speaking Jews-as
they navigated dramatically changed political and social
circumstances in and after 1945. Through comparisons of the
narratives and self-conceptions of these groups, Resettlers and
Survivors gives a nuanced account of how they dealt with the
difficult legacies of World War II, while exploring Bukovina's
significance for them as both a geographical location and a "place
of memory."
The topic of the article is the history of a Hungarian ethnic group, the Szekelys of Bukovina during and after the Second World War from the perspective of legal history. The Szekelys, who fled from ...Transylvania after the massacre of Madéfalva (1764), had lived for almost two centuries in five villages in Bukovina, a province of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until 1918. Bukovina became part of the Kingdom of Romania after the First World War, and the Szekely villages became overpopulated and suffered from the increasing Romanian nationalism. Plans to resettle the Szekelys of Bukovina date back to the 19th century when a special act was made, but only a few thousand Szekelys left Bukovina. Hungary and Romania signed an international treaty in 1941 on the resettlement of the Szekelys from Bukovina to Hungary. The settlement was an element of the forced rehungarization of the Vojvodina region occupied by Hungary in early 1941. The migrants of the state enforced settlement action received an evacuation order in October 1944 and came as refugees to the todays Hungary. They were settled in Baranya und Tolna counties in 1945 in the houses and land properties of Danube Svabians.
In the history of Bukovinian social life in the 1840–1850s, an important role is played by the fierce struggle for the introduction of rail transport. This struggle took place in the deepening crisis ...of the feudal system and the development of capitalism in the Austrian Empire. Primitive medieval methods of transporting goods and passengers by waterways and unpaved roads, which for centuries met the needs of feudal Bukovyna, became a brake on the economic, social and political progress of the Bukovyna region. The beginning of the transport revolution in England had a huge public response in Austria-Hungary. The rapidly developing relationship between scientists and engineers from Austria, Western Europe and America in this period made a large contribution to the process, as the newest means of transportation were spreading in the early 19th century, first of all, in the industrialized regions of Europe. These regions had enough funds for the construction of roads because they could develop different methods of production. Today we are mostly interested in the projects of construction of typical means of transportation on agricultural lands with practically no industry. In the early 19th century, Bukovyna was one of them. The purpose of this article is to thoroughly analyze unpaved roads of the late 18th – early 19th century, as well as the project of the first wooden trackway as the forerunner of the Bukovyna railways. To achieve this purpose, the authors first reviewed how railways were constructed in the Austrian Empire during 1830s – 1850s. Then, in contrast with the first railway networks that emerged and developed in the Austrian Empire, the authors made an analysis of the condition and characteristics of unpaved roads in Bukovyna. The government's attention to Bukovyna's roads was explained by their military, economic and political significance for the Austrian Empire by the end of the 18th – early 19th century. There was a number of state trackways built on the territory of Bukovyna which crossed the region and ensured the military interconnection of two Austrian provinces named – Galicia and Transylvania, as well as approached the borders of the Russian Empire and the Danube principalities. At the same time, they helped to restore the suspended trade flow in Bukovyna. In addition, the authors considered the first attempt to create a wooden trackway as a prototype and predecessor of the Bukovyna railway. It is evident that such an idea played a significant role in shaping the development strategy of the region in the minds of Austrian and Bukovinian officials, and became a forerunner for main and regional railways in Bukovyna.
After several failed attempts to remain in Austrian academia, the Bohemian gynaecologist Ludwig Kleinwächter (1839-1906) moved to Bukovina and opened a private practice in the capital Czernowitz in ...1884. In the easternmost province of the Austrian Empire he quickly established himself as a specialist. In applying a praxeological perspective, this paper aims not only to determine the reasons for his immediate success, but also to identify why he attracted an almost exclusively Jewish clientele. Drawing on his published case histories and archival sources, the paper investigates Kleinwächter's role in the small Bukovinian obstetrical market in the late nineteenth century. By focusing on birth-related emergency calls and domiciliary visits across and beyond Bukovina, it will explore the availability of obstetric provision in this peripheral region of the Austrian Empire. The case study thereby contributes a novel perspective to the social and medical history of this Eastern European region.
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