In this paper the author gives an overview of the emergence and evolution of the idea of discharge or modification of contract due to supervening events, from Roman to contemporary law, with special ...emphasis on the evolution of the doctrine and its development as a legal institution in the European legislation or case law. The institution of changed circumstances (supervening events) allows the discharge or (judicial) modification of a contract in a situation when the performance of an obligation has not become impossible, but it would require unreasonable costs or the performance would be inexpedient, hence it is considered one of the most striking exceptions to the principle of pacta sunt servanda. It belongs to the group of a very few institutions in relation to which one cannot claim to have direct and clear roots in Roman law. In the works of learned lawyers one may find only sporadic traces of it. In contrast to Roman legal science, Roman philosophy was more favourable to the theory of supervening events, a fact very well proven by the works of Cicero and Seneca. In the late Middle Ages the canonists and, especially, postglossators gave the greatest contribution to the evolution of the theory of supervening events. The school of postglossators considered supervening events a general legal institution, tacitly implied in every legal statement constituting obligation. The ideas of postglossators left a great impact on further evolution of the theory. Even the designation of the institution, clausula rebus sic stantibus, generally accepted in contemporary literature, derives from them. In the period following the postglossators' time, lasting until the end of the 18th century, there is still an interest in the theory of supervening events in literature. However, under the influence of the school of natural law a somewhat restrictive approach is adopted, in the German doctrine in the first place, according to which the clausula rebus sic stantibus should not be implied in all contracts, but applied exceptionally, if specific conditions are met. The first European civil codes, the Bavarian, Prussian and Austrian, do regulate the effect of supervening events explicitly, in content which is, in general, in line with these theoretical standpoints. It seems that in the 19th century legal science nearly abandoned the idea of supervening events, which could be considered as a consequence of the inviolable primacy of the tenet of pacta sunt servanda, at the time. In line with that, the most important civil codes of this era, such as the French, German and Swiss did not govern the effect of supervening events as a general legal institution. The institution of supervening events is gradually accepted in the case law after the First World War, while the period after the Second World War is heralded by the tendency of its statutory regulation. The ever-growing number of states that regulated supervening events as a general legal institution of contract law included the former Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia, too, as well as the Republic of Serbia and the other states that were once members of the common, South Slavic federal state.
Cijena kod ugovora o građenju Nikšić, Saša
Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci,
2024, Volume:
45, Issue:
1
Journal Article, Paper
Open access
Cijena je kod ugovora o građenju posebno važan sastojak, što proizlazi iz velikog broja pravila koja uređuju način određivanja cijene kao i izmjene cijene nakon sklapanja ugovora o građenju. Posebnu ...pažnju privlače pravila o izmjeni cijene koja odstupaju od općih instituta ugovornog prava (izmjene ili raskid ugovora zbog promijenjenih okolnosti), a koji su sami po sebi iznimka od osnovnih načela obveznog prava (lat. pacta sunt servanda). U pravnoj teoriji sporna je i pravna narav nekih od tih pravila. Otvoreno je pitanje je li riječ o dispozitivnom ili prisilnom pravilu koje uređuje izmjenu cijene kada je ugovorena fiksna cijena. U literaturi se također problematizira trenutak koji je relevantan za određivanje promjene cijene.
The price is a particularly important element in a construction contract, which results from a large number of rules that regulate the way the price is determined, as well as price changes after the conclusion of a construction contract. Special attention is drawn to the rules regarding price adjustments that deviate from the general institutes of contract law (amendments or termination of contracts due to changed circumstances), which themselves are exceptions to the basic principles of law of obligations (pacta sunt servanda). In legal theory, the legal nature of some of these rules is disputed. The question remains open as to whether it is a dispositive or mandatory rule that governs price adjustments in the case when a fixed price has been agreed. Literature also examines the relevant moment of determining the price change.
This paper deals with the influence of hardship (frustration) clause (clausula rebus sic stantibus) on the contract and the possibility of the party affected by changed circumstances to request a ...judge to modify or terminate the contract. The paper presents a brief historical overview of the institute of clausula rebus sic stantibus in Croatian and some European legal systems. The conditions under which the affected party can make a claim to the court are listed and analyzed in the context of possible solutions de lege ferenda. Special attention is given to the scope of this clause, with the emphasis on unilateral contracts. Since case law always had a big impact on this institute, the paper brings numerous court decisions pertaining to modification or termination of contracts due to changed circumstances.
Rad se bavi utjecajem promijenjenih okolnosti na ugovor te mogućnošću pogođene ugovorne strane da od suda zahtijeva izmjenu ili raskid ugovora. U radu se nalazi kratki povijesni pregled instituta ...klauzule rebus sic stantibus u hrvatskom i odabranim europskim pravnim sustavima; navedene su pretpostavke koje prema našem ZOO-u moraju biti ispunjene kako bi pogođena strana mogla svoj zahtjev uputiti sudu te su iste analizirane u kontekstu mogućih poboljšanja de lege ferenda. U radu je posebna pozornost posvećena području primjene klauzule rebus sic stantibus, s naglaskom na njezinu moguću primjenu i na jednostranoobvezne ugovore. S obzirom na to da je sudska praksa oduvijek imala veliki utjecaj na formiranje ovog instituta, rad također donosi brojne primjere sudskih presuda koje se odnose na izmjenu ili raskid ugovora zbog promijenjenih okolnosti
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