Following the 2016 US presidential election, many have expressed concern about the effects of false stories (“fake news”), circulated largely through social media. We discuss the economics of fake ...news and present new data on its consumption prior to the election. Drawing on web browsing data, archives of fact-checking websites, and results from a new online survey, we find: 1) social media was an important but not dominant source of election news, with 14 percent of Americans calling social media their “most important” source; 2) of the known false news stories that appeared in the three months before the election, those favoring Trump were shared a total of 30 million times on Facebook, while those favoring Clinton were shared 8 million times; 3) the average American adult saw on the order of one or perhaps several fake news stories in the months around the election, with just over half of those who recalled seeing them believing them; and 4) people are much more likely to believe stories that favor their preferred candidate, especially if they have ideologically segregated social media networks.
The seven sins of consumer psychology Pham, Michel Tuan
Journal of consumer psychology,
October 2013, 2013-10-00, Volume:
23, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Consumer psychology faces serious issues of internal and external relevance. Most of these issues originate in seven fundamental problems with the way consumer psychologists plan and conduct their ...research—problems that could be called “the seven sins of consumer psychology.” These seven “sins” are (1) a narrow conception of the scope of consumer behavior research; (2) adoption of a narrow set of theoretical lenses; (3) adherence to a narrow epistemology of consumer research; (4) an almost exclusive emphasis on psychological processes as opposed to psychological content; (5) a strong tendency to overgeneralize from finite empirical results, both as authors and as reviewers; (6) a predisposition to design studies based on methodological convenience rather than on substantive considerations; and (7) a pervasive confusion between “theories of studies” and studies of theories. Addressing these problems (“atoning for these sins”) would greatly enhance the relevance of the field. However, this may require a substantial rebalancing of the field's incentives to reward actual research impact rather than sheer number of publications in major journals.
•Theory of Planned Behaviour is a good model to predict red meat reduction.•Attitudes and Social Norms predict the intention to reduce red meat consumption.•Perceived Behavioral Control and intention ...predict red meat reduction intake.•Food involvement hinders intention-behavior translation, moderating effect noted.•Promoting alternative food choices linked to positive emotions for dietary change.
Reducing red meat intake is crucial for both planetary sustainability and human health. However, various psychosocial barriers impede this dietary shift, necessitating the application of psychological models such as the Theory of Planned behaviours (TPB) to predict individuals’ inclination to reduce red meat consumption. Despite TPB’s widespread use, there is a need for a more refined model addressing emotional variables. This study aims to assess TPB’s effectiveness in understanding intentions and behaviours regarding red meat reduction, while investigating food involvement’s role as a moderator between intention and behaviours. Data were collected through two questionnaires (n = 963, Time 1; n = 541, Time 2) filled out by a representative sample of the Italian population. Using descriptive statistics and structural equation models, findings reveal that attitudes and subjective norms explain 22.2 % of the variance in intentions to reduce red meat consumption. Additionally, perceived behavioural control and intention account for 39.7 % of the variance in self-reported meat consumption behaviours six months later. Moreover, high levels of food involvement hinder the translation of intention into behaviour, highlighting its moderating effect. These results emphasize the necessity of reshaping red meat reduction strategies and promoting alternative consumption choices, fostering habitual practices linked to positive emotions. It is crucial for reducing red meat consumption that this behaviour becomes a cultural symbol of change, identifying individuals as “new consumers” within a society adapting to environmental and health challenges. By integrating emotional factors into behavioural models, interventions can better address barriers and promote sustainable dietary habits.
This special issue compiles a set of cutting-edge articles that use eye tracking methodology to address unresolved problems in Attention Based Marketing (ABM). Understanding consumers’ attention, how ...it influences their behavior, and how to win the competition for attention are the main goals of ABM. We define ABM as a discipline, outline its theoretical and methodological foundations, summarize insights provided by this special issue, and discuss open challenges and research questions.
Half a century of research on celebrity endorsement has led to the advancement of four grand celebrity endorsement theories. Most scholars have adopted the meaning transfer model, proposed 30 years ...ago by Grant McCracken, as the most appropriate theory to explain effective celebrity endorsements. In this conceptual study, we present a literature search and analysis that finds strong support for the validity of all four grand endorsement theories (source credibility, source attractiveness, match‐up hypothesis, and meaning transfer model) and thus show that each theory constitutes an effective construct for a particular set of endorsements. We argue that, contrary to the assertion in the literature, no single theory is able to holistically explain celebrity endorsements. Only a comprehensive framework comprising all theories can explain the great variety of different celebrity endorsements executed in advertising praxis. Moreover, we present a prescriptive framework that allows marketers to identify the most effective celebrity endorsement strategy based on a product's or brand's value proposition, as we believe traditional product categories are no longer an appropriate concept on which to base an effective advertising strategy.
The practice of golf has acquired a greater social projection, and the profile of its user has diversified. This means that sports managers must segment their users in order to adapt to the demands ...of the sector and its evolution. The manager must know what his type of user is and what he demands so as to adapt his offer to what is required by the user. In this study we seek to know the type of golfer in a private social club with an 18-hole course in Seville, characterised by the sociodemographic, attitudinal, motivational variables and the practice of golf itself. There were 121 users from one private social golf club in Seville that were interviewed using a structured ad hoc questionnaire. The analyses revealed different profiles with different attitudes and motivations. This type of data necessitates a more personalised organisation and management of today's golf clubs. The objective of the present study was to define the profile of the user, based on quality, satisfaction, perceived value and future intentions, analyzing whether these vary according to the reason for playing, whether or not they are a member of the course, age and handicap ( level of play), in 121 users of a private golf course in Seville.The results allow us to present a tool capable of showing the perceived quality of the users of the facility, members and non-members, users of the golf course and the future behavioral intentions of users regarding this sports service offered by the social club. These results lead us to affirm that it is a reliable and valid instrument, which accredits it as useful for management and research.
La práctica del golf ha adquirido una mayor proyección social y se ha diversificado el perfil de su usuario. Esto origina que los gestores deportivos deban segmentar a sus usuarios para adecuarse a las demandas del sector y a su evolución. El gestor debe conocer cuál es su tipo de usuario y que es lo que esta demanda, para poder adecuar su oferta a lo demandado por el usuario. Se busca conocer el tipo de usuario en club social privado con campos de 18 hoyos en Sevilla, caracterizados en base a variables sociodemográficas, actitudinales, motivacionales y de la propia práctica del golf. Se entrevistaron 121 usuarios de 1 club de golf social privado de Sevilla a partir de un cuestionario estructurado ad hoc. Los análisis muestran la existencia de diferentes perfiles, con actitudes y motivaciones diferentes. Este tipo de datos la necesidad de una organización y gestión más personalizada de los clubes de golf actuales. El objetivo del presente estudio fue definir el perfil del usuario, en función de la calidad, satisfacción, valor percibido e intenciones futuras, analizando si éstas varían según el motivo de juego, si es o no socio del campo, la edad y el hándicap (nivel de juego), en 121 usuarios de un campo de golf privado de Sevilla. Los resultados permiten presentar una herramienta capaz de mostrar la calidad percibida de los usuarios de la instalación, socios y no socios, usuarios del campo de golf y las intenciones futuras de comportamiento de usuarios respecto a este servicio deportivo que oferta el club social. Estos resultados llevan a afirmar que se trata de un instrumento fiable y válido, lo que lo acredita como útil para la gestión y la investigación.
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•Reports of eye-tracking research for sensory and consumer sciences are reviewed.•Bottom-up factors such as visual salience and size influence visual attention.•Top-down factors such ...as goals and task instructions influence visual attention.•Visual attention affects consumer choice in some cases.•Eye-tracking pitfalls and future studies for consumer science are discussed.
Visual processing is a core cognitive element of sensory and consumer science. Consumers visually attend to food types, packaging, label design, advertisements, supermarket shelves, food menus, and other visible information. During the past decade, sensory and consumer science have used eye tracking to elucidate visual processing by consumers. This review paper summarizes earlier findings in terms of bottom-up (i.e., stimulus-driven) processing such as visual salience, size, and top-down (i.e., goal-driven) processing such as goals, task instructions, task complexity, and emotions. Downstream effects of gaze on choice are also reviewed. Pitfalls and future directions of eye-tracking research on sensory and consumer science are also discussed.
Salience and Consumer Choice Bordalo, Pedro; Gennaioli, Nicola; Shleifer, Andrei
The Journal of political economy,
10/2013, Volume:
121, Issue:
5
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
We present a theory of context-dependent choice in which a consumer’s attention is drawn to salient attributes of goods, such as quality or price. An attribute is salient for a good when it stands ...out among the good’s attributes relative to that attribute’s average level in the choice set (or, more broadly, the choice context). Consumers attach disproportionately high weight to salient attributes, and their choices are tilted toward goods with higher quality/price ratios. The model accounts for a variety of disparate evidence, including decoy effects and context-dependent willingness to pay. It also suggests a novel theory of misleading sales.
Materialism comprises a set of values and goals focused on wealth, possessions, image, and status. These aims are a fundamental aspect of the human value goal system, standing in relative conflict ...with aims concerning the well-being of others, as well as one's own personal and spiritual growth. Substantial evidence shows that people who place a relatively high priority on materialistic values goals consume more products and incur more debt, have lower-quality interpersonal relationships, act in more ecologically destructive ways, have adverse work and educational motivation, and report lower personal and physical well-being. Experimentally activating materialistic aims causes similar outcomes. Given these ills, researchers have investigated means of decreasing people's materialism. Successful interventions encourage intrinsic self-transcendent values goals, increase felt personal security, and or block materialistic messages from the environment. These interventions would likely be more effective if policies were also adopted that diminished contemporary culture's focus on consumption, profit, and economic growth.
Debate abounds regarding the role that various technologies play in the reification of gender stereotypes and norms. We demonstrate that although assigning technology a male or female gender (i.e., ...gendering technology) increases gender stereotyping, it also increases attachment to anthropomorphized technologies. Across five studies, using archival (Amazon Reviews), correlational, and experimental methods (N = 10,781), we show people feel more attached to gendered technology. We further show these benefits are rooted in the tendency to ascribe greater humanness to technology that has stereotypically male and female traits. These results illustrate a paradox: gendering technology reinforces problematic stereotypes, but it also facilitates anthropomorphism, with beneficial consequences for the marketing of various technologies.
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