Despite considerable advancements achieved using next-generation sequencing technologies in exploring microbial diversity, several species of the gut microbiome remain unknown. In this transformative ...era, culturomics has risen to prominence as a pivotal approach in unveiling realms of microbial diversity that were previously deemed inaccessible. Utilizing innovative strategies to optimize growth and culture medium composition, scientists have successfully cultured hard-tocultivate microbes. This progress has fostered the discovery and understanding of elusive microbial entities, highlighting their essential role in human health and disease paradigms. In this review, we emphasize the importance of culturomics research on the gut microbiome and provide new theories and insights for expanding microbial diversity via the optimization of cultivation conditions.
Relative growth rates (RGR), doubling times (DT) and relative weekly yields (RY) of 39 clones (ecotypes) from 13 species representing all five genera of duckweeds were determined under standardised ...cultivation conditions. RGR ranged overall from 0.153 to 0.519 day−1, DT from 1.34 to 4.54 days and RY from 2.9 to 37.8 week−1. The RGR and RY data can be compared directly to other published findings to only a limited extent on account of missing clonal designations for and limited accessibility to previously investigated clones, as well as the use of different data denominators. However, they are consistent with the published results of other comparative duckweed studies of similar scope in showing that RGR does not vary primarily at the level of the genus or species, but rather reflects the adaptation of individual clones to specific local conditions. The RGR data support the widely held assumption that duckweeds can grow faster than other higher plants and that they can thus surpass land‐based agricultural crops in productivity. Duckweeds are highly promising for the production of biomass for nutrition and energy, but extensive clonal comparison will be required to identify the most suitable isolates for this purpose.
Microalgae has huge potential towards biological nutrient removal, but the challenges are remains in maximizing the biomass yield and so nutrient/pollutant removal efficiency. In this study, a ...response surface methodology-central composite design was applied to investigate the significant process variables (temperature, light intensity, inoculum density and light period) and its interaction effect on biomass yield of effluent acclimatized microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata, Chlorella vulgaris and Chlorella sorokiniana in ozone pre-treated tannery effluent (OPTE). At optimum culture condition N. oculata, C. vulgaris, and C. sorokiniana have yielded 0.67 g/L, 0.85 g/L, and 1.06 g/L biomass. Besides, correlation and regression analysis revealed the strong correlation between microalgal growth and nutrient removal rate. Among the species, C. sorokiniana has shown better remediation potential, at 27.5 °C, 150 μmol m−2 s−1 light intensity, 30% (v/v) inoculum, 16 h light period with the specific growth rate of 0.559 day−1 and nutrient/pollutant removal efficiency of 90% C, 90% N, 100% P, 82% COD, and 100% chromium. But, N. oculata has revealed the better lipid accumulation potential (40%) in OPTE. Thus, the present study established the appropriate strains and conditions required for OPTE treatment along with the value-added biomass production in large scale.
•Effect of culture condition on biomass yield in ozone pre-treated tannery effluent.•C. sorokiniana has shown better remediation potential over other species studied.•Under optimized conditions, the maximum biomass yield attained was 1.06 g/L.•Significant removal attained was 90% C, 90% N, 100% P, 82% COD, and 100% Chromium.•The high lipid accumulation potential was observed for N. oculata (40%).
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•Bacterial bioflocculants and their significant applications.•Treatment of wastewaters.•These naturally clarifying bioflocculants are considered as forthcoming novel ...agents.•Eco-friendly applied in various fields.
Recently, culturing of bioflocculants has attracted tremendous attention because of its extraordinary flocculating activity and biodegradability to create a green and healthy environment. It becomes a pressing issue to produce novel, cost effective bioflocculants from renewable sources. These bioflocculants store sufficient amount of carbohydrates and lipids in their cell walls that results in a number of environmental applications such as wastewater treatment, biofuels production and CO2 sequestration. It is generally felt that the use of bioflocculants for energy security and its practicality are still doubtful. The present review describes the production and characterization of bioflocculants as well as their significant applications in diverse fields including treatment of water and wastewater(s). These bioflocculants not only act as alternatives to clarifying agents but also figure in innovative dairy, food and industrial applications. In the coming years, productions of bioflocculants from renewable sources are expected to open up new ways for their applications.
Lippia graveolens is one of the most important aromatic species in Mexico due to antioxidant and antibiotic activities reported in its essential oil. The aim of this work was to assess the effect of ...irrigation with aquaculture wastewater and salicylic acid addition on the production of phenolic compounds in L. graveolens. L. graveolens plants (14) were irrigated with aquaculture wastewater and (14) using Steiner solution for 28 days; at the same time, salicylic acid was exogenously applied at 0.0 (control), 0.5 and 1.0 mM concentrations in both treatments at 5 and 19 experimental days. The total phenolic content was measured by Folin–Ciocalteu, the flavonoid content was determined by the aluminum chloride method, and the antioxidant capacity was measured by DPPH and FRAP assays. The results showed an increase in the total phenolic and flavonoid content in plants irrigated with aquaculture wastewater solution (17.25 ± 2.35 to 38.16 ± 4.47 mg eq GA·g⁻1 W). The antioxidant capacity was higher in plants irrigated with Steiner solution (98.52 mg eq T·g⁻1 W). In conclusion, L. graveolens irrigated with aquaculture wastewater leads to an increase in the total phenolic content and Steiner-solution antioxidant capacity in plants.
The effects of cultivation conditions on the texture of unripe papaya fruit 'Khak Nual' were investigated. Fruit from papaya cultivated using raised bed conditions were crisper than those cultivated ...under open field conditions. Conversely, fruit cultivated under open field conditions were firmer. In all cases, mesocarp cells and intercellular spaces were larger in papaya fruit cultivated in raised beds, reflecting the higher relative humidity (RH) of the cultivation conditions and greater water availability. At harvest, TIP2-1, TIP4-1, SIP1 and PIP1-3 expression was significantly higher in fruit cultivated under raised bed conditions, which correlated with the larger cells of the mesocarp, the RH and the ready availability of water. There also appeared to be a link between aquaporin gene expression and crispness in papaya fruit from both conditions. Expression of TIP2-1 and TIP4-1 correlated with papaya fruit under open field conditions while SIP1 and PIP2-5 correlated with papaya fruit under raised bed conditions. The results clearly demonstrate the effect of cultivation conditions on fruit texture, with water availability being critical in the production of market-preferred crisp fruit with the optimal conditions. These conditions are reflected in the higher expression of the water transport aquaporins which likely control crispness.
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•Isoprene producing Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, and two control strains were tested.•Violet light and increased temperature of 35–40 °C favored isoprene production.•The presence of ...isoprene allowed for long-term surviving of Synechocystis at 40 °C.•The presence of isoprene increased membrane fluidity in Synechocystis.•Thermotolerance improvement by isoprene can be transferred between organisms.
Engineering cyanobacteria for the production of isoprene and other terpenoids has gained increasing attention in the field of biotechnology. Several studies have addressed optimization of isoprene synthesis in cyanobacteria via enzyme and pathway engineering. However, only little attention has been paid to the optimization of cultivation conditions. In this study, an isoprene-producing strain of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and two control strains were grown under a variety of cultivation conditions. Isoprene production, as quantified by modified membrane inlet mass spectrometer (MIMS) and interpreted using Flux Balance Analysis (FBA), increased under violet light and at elevated temperature. Increase of thermotolerance in the isoprene producer was attributed to the physical presence of isoprene, similar to plants. The results demonstrate a beneficial effect of isoprene on cell survival at higher temperatures. This increased thermotolerance opens new possibilities for sustainable bio-production of isoprene and other products.
(Background) Raspberry (R. idaeus L.) is very popular with consumers around the world for its intense flavor, attractive appearance, and health benefits. In recent years, interest in healthy eating ...and natural products has increased, and raspberry fits perfectly into these trends, which translates into its greater importance on the consumer market. (Aim) The aim of this study was the commodity evaluation of raspberry fruits bearing fruit on 2-year-old shoots, cultivated under conditions of varied nitrogen fertilization against the background of constant phosphorus-potassium fertilization. (Methodology) The first-order factors were cultivars (‘Laszka’ and ‘Glen Ample’), and the second-order factor was nitrogen fertilization (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg N ha−1), against the background of constant phosphorus-potassium fertilization (100 kg P2O5 and 120 kg K2O ha−1). The experiment was set up in a dependent split-plot design with three repetitions. (Results) The importance of raspberry on the consumer market was shaped by taste and quality of fruit, health benefits, naturalness and freshness, universality of use, availability, and nutritional trends. (Conclusions) The tested cultivars were characterized by similar production and quality capabilities. Fertilization of the tested cultivars with a dose of 135 kg N·ha−1 turned out to be justified in terms of yield. Increasing nitrogen doses resulted in a significant increase in fresh fruit yield and fruit weight. Different doses of nitrogen increased fruit resistance to mechanical damage, firmness, and quality indices.
Many studies investigate the plant uptake and metabolism of xenobiotics by hydroponic experiments, however, plants grown in different conditions (hydroponic vs. soil) may result in different ...behaviors. To explore the potential differences, a comparative study on the uptake, translocation and metabolism of the fungicide phenamacril in crops (wheat/rice) under hydroponic and soil cultivation conditions was conducted. During 7–14 days of exposure, the translocation factors (TFs) of phenamacril were greatly overestimated in hydroponic-wheat (3.6–5.2) than those in soil-wheat systems (1.1–2.0), with up to 3.3 times of difference between the two cultivation systems, implying it should be cautious to extrapolate the results obtained from hydroponic to field conditions. M-144 was formed in soil pore water (19.1–29.9 μg/L) in soil-wheat systems but not in the hydroponic solution in hydroponics; M-232 was only formed in wheat shoots (89.7–103.0 μg/kg) under soil cultivation conditions, however, it was detected in hydroponic solution (20.1–21.2 μg/L), wheat roots (146.8–166.0 μg/kg), and shoots (239.2–348.1 μg/kg) under hydroponic conditions. The root concentration factors (RCFs) and TFs of phenamacril in rice were up to 2.4 and 3.6 times higher than that in wheat for 28 days of the hydroponic exposure, respectively. These results highlighted that cultivation conditions and plant species could influence the fate of pesticides in crops, which should be considered to better assess the potential accumulation and transformation of pesticides in crops.
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•The fate of phenamacril was compared between hydroponic- and soil-plant systems.•Hydroponics magnified the accumulation of phenamacril in plants than in soil systems.•Metabolic characteristics were different between hydroponics and soil-plant systems.•The translocation factors of phenamacril in rice were higher than that in wheat.
