We use data from a nationally representative survey to analyze anti-atheist sentiment in the United States in 2014, replicating analyses from a decade earlier and extending them to consider the ...factors that foster negative sentiment toward other non-religious persons. We find that anti-atheist sentiment is strong, persistent, and driven in part by moral concerns about atheists and in part by agreement with cultural values that affirm religiosity as a constitutive moral grounding of citizenship and national identity. Moral concerns about atheists also spill over to shape attitudes toward those who are spiritual but not religious (SBNRs) and influence evaluations of the recent decline in religious identification. Americans have more positive views of SBNRs than of atheists, but a plurality of Americans still negatively evaluate the increase in the percentage of Americans who claim no religious identification (nones). Our analyses show the continuing centrality of religiously rooted moral boundary-making in constituting cultural membership in the American context.
Although ethnic and racial identity (ERI) are central to the normative development of youth of color, there have been few efforts to bring scholars together to discuss the theoretical complexities of ...these constructs and provide a synthesis of existing work. The Ethnic and Racial Identity in the 21st Century Study Group was assembled for this purpose. This article provides an overview of the interface of ERI with developmental and contextual issues across development, with an emphasis on adolescence and young adulthood. It proposes a metaconstruct to capture experiences that reflect both individuals' ethnic background and their racialized experiences in a specific sociohistorical context. Finally, it presents milestones in the development of ERI across developmental periods.
Este estudio, articulado a través de la legislación educativa, analiza la evolución en la forma de abordar el respeto hacia otras culturas en la escuela española desde el final del franquismo hasta ...la década de 1990. La metodología empleada es el análisis de contenido de los textos legislativos a nivel nacional desde la Ley General de Educación (LGE) de 1970 hasta la Ley de Ordenación General del Sistema Educativo (LOGSE) de 1990. En un posterior nivel de análisis, los conceptos sobre el respeto a otras culturas desarrollados por la legislación educativa son analizados mediante fuentes secundarias, exponiéndose ambos resultados de forma narrativa. El texto muestra cómo el modelo asimilacionista y etnocéntrico característico de la época franquista fue dejando paso progresivamente a planteamientos más respetuosos con otras culturas. La Ley General de Educación de 1970 fue un primer paso hacia ese cambio de mentalidad. Con la llegada de la democracia, la necesidad de una educación intercultural se hizo explícita, si bien, sus postulados no llegarían a concretarse hasta la década de 1990. Sin embargo, las buenas intenciones de la ley se vieron lastradas por la formación de los profesores en este sentido.
Genetic Options Roth, Wendy D.; Ivemark, Biorn
The American journal of sociology,
07/2018, Volume:
124, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
The rapid growth of genetic ancestry testing has brought concerns that these tests will transform consumers’ racial and ethnic identities, producing “geneticized” identities determined by genetic ...knowledge. Drawing on 100 qualitative interviews with white, black, Hispanic/Latino, Asian, and Native Americans, the authors develop the genetic options theory to account for how genetic ancestry tests influence consumers’ ethnic and racial identities. The theory maintains that consumers do not accept the tests’ results as given but choose selectively from the estimates according to two mechanisms: their identity aspirations and social appraisals. Yet consumers’ prior racialization also influences their identity aspirations; white respondents aspired to new identities more readily and in substantively different ways. The authors’ findings suggest that genetic ancestry testing can reinforce race privilege among those who already experience it.
Current literature tends to see cosmopolitan identity formation as an individual endeavour of developing a stance of openness, and transcending discourses of national and other cultural identities. ...This article challenges the essentialism inherent in this model by proposing a different framing of cosmopolitan identity formation that shifts the focus to how people collectively mobilize cosmopolitanism as a resource for cultural identity construction. The article is based on an anthropological study of transnational professionals who are part of a diverse expatriate community in Amsterdam. The analysis shows how these professionals draw on cosmopolitanism to define themselves as ‘non-nationals’. This involves downplaying national affiliations and cultural differences while also marking national identity categories and ‘cultural features’ to maintain the difference they collectively embrace. This, however, does not imply openness to all otherness. Boundary drawing to demarcate the cosmopolitan ‘us’ in relation to national (mono)culture is equally important. The article argues that cosmopolitan identities are socially accomplished as particular modes of collective belonging that are part of – not beyond – a global discursive sphere of identity politics.
The use of celebrity endorsements varies across countries; does their effectiveness similarly vary across cultures? The authors propose that power distance beliefs (PDB), a cultural orientation ...related to the extent to which people expect and accept differences in power, moderate the effects of celebrity endorsements. A positive effect of celebrity endorsers on evaluations of advertising should be more potent with greater PDB; source expertise and trustworthiness likely underlie this effect. To test the hypotheses, the authors use moderated mediation analyses, with corrections for measurement error and endogeneity of the mediators (source expertise and trustworthiness). The results of three studies, using both manipulated and measured PDB for respondents in different countries and with a variety of endorsers, demonstrate that PDB determine the effectiveness of celebrity endorsements on attitudes toward the advertisement and the brand. In support of the moderated mediation model, perceptions of source expertise and trust mediate the effect of celebrity endorsements, conditional on PDB. The results hold for nondurables but do not generalize to durable products.
Objectives
In the present study, we examined relations between premigration, perimigration, and postmigration risk factors (i.e., potentially traumatic events PTEs, postmigration living problems ...PMLPs, stressful life events) and psychological symptoms (i.e., anxiety/depression, posttraumatic stress) in Syrian emerging adults with refugee backgrounds; we also tested cultural identity conflict as a possible mediator of these relations. We expected that greater exposure to migration risk factors was associated with more psychological symptoms and that higher cultural identity conflict would contribute to these associations.
Methods
We used data from the first wave of Karakter, a longitudinal study of 158 Syrians with refugee backgrounds (69.0% men, age range 18–35). Participants completed a questionnaire assessing PTEs, PMLPs, stressful life events, cultural identity conflict, and symptoms of anxiety/depression and posttraumatic stress.
Results
Correlational analyses indicated that more PTEs and stressful life events were related to higher levels of cultural identity conflict and more psychological symptoms. Furthermore, greater cultural identity conflict was associated with more psychological symptoms. We did not observe indirect effects of cultural identity conflict in the mediation analyses.
Conclusions
Results suggest that postmigration stressors and cultural identity conflict are associated with psychological symptoms among Syrian emerging adults who have resettled in the Netherlands.
Intercultural couples (N=26) in Japan with adolescent or older children were interviewed in order to explore the parents' perspective on the process of cultural identity development experienced by ...intercultural children, identify factors that influenced the children's cultural identity development, reveal patterns of cultural identity development, and clarify the types of challenges that the children and their parents experienced. The study also examined the trajectory of the parents' approach to raising their children in relation to the parents' general support of their children and cultural transmission. Grounded theory approach was employed for analyzing the data. Various factors influencing identity development, patterns of cultural identity development and language development, and the children's struggles were identified. The ways that the parents coped with raising intercultural children were revealed, including cultural transmission, fighting against bullying and helping their children fit in, being a safe haven for their children, and encouraging autonomy. It was implied that all the children ultimately developed their own cultural identity. The secure and safe homes that their parents provided for them seemed to help them to be confident in developing a sense of autonomy and cultural identity. There is no single way for intercultural children to develop their cultural identity. The unique ways that intercultural children are parented, their challenges, and their needs should be recognized.
Starting from the hypothesis that literature represents one of the active mechanisms of social and historical change and that the imagological images it offers have the potential to be written into ...cultural identity, the paper problematizes the (political-)ideological concept of narrative cultural identity. Having found an example in the contemporary literature of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the work points to the complexity of the relationship between literature and ideology in the process of re/defining, de/constructing, and maintaining cultural identity. The paper concludes that literature has the potential of generating and disseminating an (anti)ideologically based system of knowledge and values, whereby, in terms of its relationship to ideology, it occupies a dual position, becoming, on one hand, an ideal, Althusserian understood, ideological apparatus or a subversive mechanism of the dominant ideology, on the other side.
PDF
