Biodiversity in Dead Wood Stokland, Jogeir N; Siitonen, Juha; Jonsson, Bengt Gunnar
04/2012
eBook, Book
Fossils document the existence of trees and wood-associated organisms from almost 400 million years ago, and today there are between 400,000 and 1 million wood-inhabiting species in the world. This ...is the first book to synthesise the natural history and conservation needs of wood-inhabiting organisms. Presenting a thorough introduction to biodiversity in decaying wood, the book studies the rich diversity of fungi, insects and vertebrates that depend upon dead wood. It describes the functional diversity of these organisms and their specific habitat requirements in terms of host trees, decay phases, tree dimensions, microhabitats and the surrounding environment. Recognising the threats posed by timber extraction and forest management, the authors also present management options for protecting and maintaining the diversity of these species in forests as well as in agricultural landscapes and urban parks.
Concentration polarization, a retarding effect upon hydrogen permeation across a membrane, will affect the performance of hydrogen separation. To recognize the concentration polarization behavior of ...hydrogen-rich gas in high-permeance membrane tubes, three palladium-based membranes with two pure palladium (Pd) membranes and one PdaCu alloy membrane are tested. Three important parameters, consisting of the H2 partial pressure difference, the flow rate at the exit of the retentate side and the H2 concentration in the feed gas mixture (H2+N2), are taken into account. A comparison to pure H2 permeation suggests that the concentration polarization is clearly exhibited when the gas mixture is fed. Decreasing the H2 concentration in the feed gas tends to deteriorate the polarization phenomenon. The sensitivity of polarization to H2 concentration is higher when its concentration in the feed gas is larger. For the gas mixtures with 50 and 75 vol% of H2, the permeances of the membranes are reduced by 1a2 orders of magnitude. The permeances of the membranes are also affected a bit when the H2 partial pressure difference or the flow rate is altered.
Similar to the deterioration of construction materials by airborne algae, hydrophytic algae can deteriorate cementitious materials and change the performance of structures, thereby reducing the ...safety and economics of marine facilities. Frequent outbreaks of green tides have occurred in recent years, and algae have been shown to deteriorate calcium substances in cementitious materials. Therefore, the pattern of deterioration of cement by algae as a result of green tide outbreaks is important for extending the durability of marine installations. For this reason, the dominant species of the green tide outbreak, Enteromorpha, and the marine primary producer, diatoms, were selected to simulate the green tide outbreak in this paper. Then, in the paper, the colonization law of Enteromorpha and diatom and the calcium loss law in mortar are discussed. Results showed four stages of Enteromorpha-diatoms colonization on the mortar surface (diatoms colonization within 15 days, release of spores from Enteromorpha, germination of spores from Enteromorpha within 60 days, and transformation of the relationship between the colonization of Enteromorpha and diatoms). Three channels for the loss of calcium on the surface of the mortar include the uptake and transformation, the complexation of biofilm, and the dissolution and deposition. Additionally, Enteromorpha-diatoms can deteriorate the mortar surface, mineral composition, and microstructure.
•Degradation mechanism of Enteromorpha-diatoms using a novel approach.•Four stages of colonization.•Three pathways for calcium flow.
This innovative volume is the first to address the
conservation of contemporary art incorporating biological materials
such as plants, foods, bodily fluids, or genetically engineered
organisms. ...Eggshells, flowers, onion peels, sponge cake,
dried bread, breast milk, bacteria, living organisms-these are just
a few of the biological materials that contemporary artists are
using to make art. But how can works made from such perishable
ingredients be preserved? And what logistical, ethical, and
conceptual dilemmas might be posed by doing so? Because they are
prone to rapid decay, even complete disappearance, biological
materials used in art pose a range of unique conservation
challenges. This groundbreaking book probes the issues associated
with displaying, collecting, and preserving these unique works of
art. The twenty-four papers from the conference present a range of
case studies, prominently featuring artists' perspectives, as well
as conceptual discussions, thereby affording a comprehensive and
richly detailed overview of current thinking and practices on this
topic. Living Matter is the first publication to explore
broadly the role of biological materials in the creative process
and present a variety of possible approaches to their preservation.
The free online edition of this open-access publication is
available at www.getty.edu/publications/living-matter/ and includes
videos and zoomable illustrations. Also available are free PDF,
EPUB, and Kindle/MOBI downloads of the book.
Civil structures and infrastructure facilities are susceptible to deterioration posed by the effects of natural hazards and aggressive environmental conditions. These factors may increase the risk of ...service interruption of infrastructures, and should be taken into account when assessing the structural reliability during an infrastructure's service life. Modeling the resistance deterioration process reasonably is the basis for structural reliability analysis. In this paper, a novel model is developed for describing the deterioration of aging structures. The deterioration is a combination of two stochastic processes: the gradual deterioration posed by environmental effects and the shock deterioration caused by severe load attacks. The dependency of the deterioration magnitude on the load intensity is considered. The Gaussian copula function is employed to help construct the joint distribution of correlated random variables. Semi-analytical methods are developed to assess the structural failure time and the number of significant load events (shocks) to failure. Illustrative examples are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed model in structural reliability analysis. Parametric studies are performed to investigate the role of deterioration-load correlation in structural reliability.
•A new resistance deterioration model for aging structures is proposed.•Time-dependent reliability analysis methods incorporating the proposed deterioration model are developed.•Parametric studies are performed to investigate the role of deterioration-load correlation in structural reliability.
Despite widespread adoption of rapid response systems and the use of various early warning scoring systems, the detection of patient deterioration remains suboptimal, leading to the development of ...potentially avoidable serious adverse events. Why this occurs has been the focus of many investigations, but the complexities around advancing understanding that leads to effective actions are less evident.
To better understand medical/surgical nurses use of early warning scoring systems.
A five-step process was used in this scoping review including: identify the research question; search and identify the relevant studies; selecting relevant studies; charting the data; and collate, summarize and report the results. The PRISMA extension for scoping reviews was used to guide this scoping review.
Data Sources: In August 2018 a literature search was performed using the following medical subject headings: physiological, clinical deterioration, and the expanders early warning score, system, nurse attitudes, with Boolean operators in Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL, and EMBASE databases.
Extracted data included study aims, key findings, afferent/efferent focus and rapid response team description. Effective practice and organisation of care taxonomy guided data synthesis, before a thematic analysis was performed.
Of 120 unique articles, 23 were included in the scoping review (11 qualitative, 8 quantitative and 4 mixed methods studies). Fifteen studies focused on the afferent limb of the rapid response system whilst eight focused on both the afferent and efferent limbs. In the effective practice and organisation of care taxonomy twenty-two studies met criteria for quality and safety improvements while nineteen met criteria for referral, outreach and teams. Three themes, Inconsistent activation of the rapid response team; Barriers to following early warning scoring system algorithms; and Overreliance on scores emerged.
Nurses aim to use early warning score systems to detect deterioration and ensure patient safety, however cultures, confidence and past experiences impact on rates of afferent limb failure globally. Simple to follow algorithms used in track and trigger charts are likely difficult for nurses to adhere to due to heavy workloads and challenges in getting medical officers to review within recommended time frames. Nurses rely heavily on the scores generated by early warning score systems but should aim to follow algorithms better and undertake holistic physical assessments to detect deterioration earlier and ensure patient safety is not compromised.
•Identification methods of heat transfer deterioration (HTD) are reviewed.•The common method (Nu/Nudb < 0.3) can mistake typical non-HTD cases for HTD.•The reference heat transfer is specially ...defined in pseudo-phase-change region.•The new identification method can well discern both HTD cases and non-HTD cases.
Prediction of the heat transfer of supercritical fluids (SCFs), especially for heat transfer deterioration (HTD), is highly significant to the design and safe operation of supercritical boilers and advanced nuclear systems. To achieve higher predictive accuracy, heat transfer datasets of SCFs are usually classified as HTD cases and non-HTD cases using certain HTD identification methods, and prediction models, including empirical correlations and criteria of HTD occurrence, have been separately developed for HTD cases and non-HTD cases. Therefore, the rationality of HTD identification methods are crucial to the data classification and further development of high-precision prediction models but is seldom discussed in research. This paper first summarizes the existing identification methods of HTD to SCFs, and respective heat transfer datasets of supercritical water (SCW) and CO2 (SCCO2) are compiled. Based on these datasets, the accuracy of existing methods in identifying HTD cases and non-HTD cases is evaluated. The results show that, the most common identification method (Nu/Nudb < 0.3) can mistake typical non-HTD case for HTD case and cannot reflect the actual location where HTD occurs. The Lokshin et al. method and Zhang et al. method (htc/htc0 < 1.0) can accurately recognize HTD cases but are prone to error in detecting non-HTD cases. It is believed that the reference value representing normal heat transfer is the key to judging the heat transfer state of SCFs, and should be considered specifically in the pseudo-phase-change influenced region. Finally, an improved identification method of HTD suitable for SCW and SCCO2 is proposed. Compared with previous methods, the new method shows favorable accuracy in discerning both HTD cases and non-HTD cases, and is helpful for classifying heat transfer cases and developing precise heat transfer correlations and HTD criteria of SCFs.
Aims
To identify factors that influence recognition and response to adult patient deterioration in acute hospitals.
Design
A mixed‐studies systematic review.
Data Sources
CINAHL, Medline, and Web of ...Science were searched for relevant literature published between 2007 – 2018.
Review Methods
Studies were critically appraised, data extracted and thematically analysed.
Results
Thirteen papers met the inclusion criteria. Three main themes were identified: (a) Knowledge and understanding of clinical deterioration; (b) Organizational factors; managing deterioration and staffing levels; and (c) Communication; inter‐professional relationships and professional‐patient communication.
Conclusion
Despite national guidelines, the review findings suggest that the recognition and response to adult patient deterioration in acute hospital settings is sub‐optimal. A multitude of factors influencing the recognition and response to adult patient deterioration emerged from the findings.
Impact
Patients are receiving sub‐optimal care due to failure in recognizing and responding to patient deterioration in an appropriate and timely manner. Nurses lack knowledge and understanding of deterioration. Organizational factors contribute to inadequate care and communication among professionals was highlighted as challenging. The factors that influence the recognizing and responding to patient deterioration in acute hospitals are multi‐faceted, however this review highlights immediate recommendations for professionals in the acute care setting.
目的
确定影响急症医院对成年患者病情恶化的认识和反应的因素。
设计
混合研究系统性评价。
资料来源
对CINAHL、Medline以及科学网上2007年至2018年发表的相关文献进行了检索。
综述方法
对研究进行批判性评估、数据提取和专题分析。
结果
13篇论文符合纳入标准。确定了三个专题:(a)关于临床病情恶化的知识和理解;(b)组织因素;处理病情恶化情况与人员配置水平;(c)沟通;专业人员之间的关系和专业人员与患者之间的沟通。
结论
尽管有国家指导方针,本次评价的调查结果表明,在急症医院环境中,对成年患者病情恶化的认识和反应并不理想。调查结果表明,影响对成年患者病情恶化的认识和反应的因素很多。
影响
由于未能以适当且及时的方式识别和应对患者病情恶化,患者接受的护理并不理想。护士对病情恶化缺乏认识和了解。有人强调,组织因素会造成专业人员的护理和沟通不足,这是颇具挑战性的情况。影响急症医院对患者病情恶化的认识和反应的因素是多方面的,然而,本次评价强调,在急症护理环境中,应即时对专业人员提出建议。
•Develops stochastic framework for modeling deterioration processes and their interaction.•Proposes general state dependent stochastic models for deterioration.•Proposes Bayesian approach for ...calibration of deterioration models.
For performance analysis of deteriorating engineering systems, it is critical to model and incorporate the various deterioration processes and associated uncertainties. This paper proposes state-dependent stochastic models (SDSMs) for modeling the impact of deterioration on the performance of engineering systems. Within the stochastic framework, the change of the system state variables due to different deterioration processes and their interaction is modeled explicitly. As a candidate model to be used in the framework, a new general age and state dependent stochastic model for gradual deterioration is proposed, and its calibration based on data is also discussed. Once the time-variant system state variables are modeled, proper capacity and demand models that take them as inputs can be adopted to fully capture the impact of deterioration processes on the capacity, demand, and other system performances. The proposed framework is first demonstrated through a simple example, and then is used to model the deterioration of an example reinforced concrete (RC) bridge considering deterioration caused by both corrosion and earthquake including their interaction. The results show the importance of modeling the interaction between different deterioration processes, and also verify the advantages of the proposed framework.
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