This article presents the origins, development and perspectives of history of education in Central and Eastern Europe. Both the issues and the region are very broad, as they concern many countries ...with quite large cultural and identity differences, but also with a relative geopolitical similarity. This similarity has created and continues to create similar conditions for researching activities in and teaching of the history of education. Moreover, after 1990, the opening up and development of the history of education in the international space can be observed in the region. To explore the presented issues, three countries in this region of Europe are presented as individual case studies: Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic. A stroll down the path of the history of education in the countries indicated allows for a close and in-depth look at the genesis, development and perspective of the history of education.
Faludi A. (2006) From European spatial development to territorial cohesion policy, Regional Studies
40, 667-678. The European Constitution defines territorial cohesion as a competence shared between ...the Union and the Member States. What does this stand for, and how is territorial cohesion policy going to take shape? Answering these questions, the paper deals with the European Spatial Development Perspective's advocacy of polycentrism and how territorial cohesion has given new impetus to pursuing this agenda. It also deals with French roots of territorial cohesion thinking and French endorsement of the Open Method of Co-ordination (OMC). Based on recent Communications, the paper shows that the European Commission intends territorial cohesion policy to take shape following not OMC but the 'Community Method'. However, it is argued that Member State involvement in its formulation following OMC is essential.
Faludi A. (2006) Du développement géographique européen à la politique territoriale en faveur de la cohésion, Regional Studies
40, 667-678. La constitution européenne définit la cohésion territoriale comme une compétence partagée entre l'Union et les pays-membres. Qu'est-ce que cela veut dire, et comment la politique territoriale en faveur de la cohésion va-t-elle évoluer? Afin de répondre à ces questions, cet article cherche à aborder la notion de maillage polycentrique prôné par la schema du développement de l'espace communautaire et à considérer comment la cohésion territoriale a donné de l'impulsion à cet agenda. On traite aussi des origines françaises de la pensée sur la cohésion territoriale et de l'agrément français de la Méthode de coordination ouverte (MCO). Basé sur des communications récentes, cet article cherche à démontrer que la Commission européenne veut que la politique territoriale en faveur de la cohésion n'évolue pas en fonction de la CMO, mais en fonction de la 'méthode communautaire'. Néanmoins, on affirme que la participation des pays-membres dans son élaboration est capitale.
Schema du développement de l'espace communautaire Cohésion territoriale Méthode de coordination ouverte (MCO)
FALUDI A. (2006) Von europäischer Raumentwicklungspolitik zu einer Politik des territorialen Zusammenhalts, Regional Studies
40, 667-678. Die europäische Verfassung versteht territoiralen Zusammenhalt als eine geteilte Kompetenz der Mitgliedstaaten und der Union. Was bedeutet das, und wie wird der territoriale Zusammenhang gestaltet? Im Laufe der Beantwortung dieser Fragen beschäftigt sich der Aufsatz mit der Befürwortung des Polyzentrismus im Europa¨ischen Raumentwicklungskonzept und mit der Frage, wie territorialer Zusammenhalt den diesbezu¨glichen Bemu¨hungen neuen Auftrieb gegeben hat. Er bescha¨ftigt sich auch mit den franzo¨sischen Ursprüngen dieses Gedankens sowie mit der franzo¨sischen Befu¨rwortung der offenen Koordinationsmethode. Gestützt auf kürzlich erschienene Mitteilungen zeigt dieser Aufsatz, daß die Europäische Kommission beabsichtigt, die Politik des territorialen Zusammenhalts gemäß der 'Gemeinschaftsmethode' Gestalt annehmen zu lassen. Der Aufsatz hält jedoch eine mitgliedstaatliche Teilnahme in Übereinstimmung mit der offenen Koordinationsmethode für wesentlich.
Europäische Raumentwicklungsperspektive Gebietskohäsion Freie Ko-ordinationsmethode
Faludi A. (2006) Del desarrollo espacial europeo a la política de cohesión territorial, Regional Studies
40, 667-678. La Constitución europea define la cohesión territorial como una competencia compartida entre la Unión y los Estados Miembros. ¿Qué significado tiene esto y cómo se diseñará la política de cohesión territorial? En este artículo se responde a estas cuestiones tratando la defensa del policentrismo en la Perspectiva de Desarrollo Espacial Europeo y analizando cómo la cohesión territorial ha impulsado la nueva atención de esta agenda. También trata sobre las raíces francesas de la idea de cohesión territorial y el reconocimiento francés del Método Abierto de Coordinación (MAC). Basándome en recientes comunicaciones, demuestro que la Comisión Europea pretende dar forma a la política de cohesión territorial no siguiendo el MAC sino el 'Método de la Comunidad'. Sin embargo, se sostiene que es esencial la participación de los Estados Miembros en su formulación tras la coordinación del MAC.
Perspectiva de desarrollo espacial europeo Cohesión territorial Método abierto de coordinación (MAC)
The European Union has always had a territorial agenda, albeit implicit. Existing spatial planning systems in Europe, in particular French
aménagement du territoire, have shaped the thinking about ...how to tackle it more systematically, lately under the flag of an EU territorial cohesion policy. Drawing on work by the European Spatial Planning Observation Network (ESPON), the member states collectively have produced an ‘evidence-based’ document, ‘The territorial state and perspectives of the European Union’. This forms the basis of a political document entitled the ‘Territorial Agenda of the European Union: Towards a more competitive and sustainable Europe of diverse regions’. The subsequent First Action Programme came at a time when it appeared that the Treaty of Lisbon would make EU territorial cohesion policy official. This paper gives an account of the process, pointing out that a turning point has been reached, in that the member states have come to accept the need for EU territorial cohesion policy. Section 1 sets out the theoretical framework and the research approach. Section 2 sets the scene as regards the EU and it institutions. Section 3 looks at spatial planning systems in Europe and, in particular—since it has been instrumental in formulating EU regional and territorial cohesion policy—French
aménagement du territoire. Section 4 identifies the implicit EU territorial agenda and how this has been articulated further by the member states formulating the ESDP. Section 5 gives an account of the fledgling EU territorial cohesion policy. Section 6 focuses on the member state initiative to produce the ‘evidence-based’ document, ‘The territorial state and perspectives of the European Union’, which forms the basis for the Territorial Agenda. As a background to this, the section discusses ESPON, which provided the research base for this undertaking. Sections 7 to 9 are about the Territorial Agenda process as such, particularly its making, the substantive policies and the institutional measures proposed therein, and the First Action Programme adopted in the wake of the Territorial Agenda. Section 10 identifies challenges ahead, followed by the final section, which explores issues whose resolution is not immediately in sight.
The paper reflects on how ESDP (European Spatial Development Perspective) principles can be applied in territories with weak population patterns in quantitative terms. The ESDP defines a functional ...urban area (FUA) as the influence area of a city and sets a minimum threshold of 15,000 inhabitants for the city and 40,000 for the entire FUA. These thresholds are taken as guidelines to explore the concept of functional regions, adding more information from several sources. Hence the paper starts under the normative background given by EU spatial policy and proposes a methodology of analysis combining several techniques, including an application for the Castilla—La Mancha autonomous region (ES42 in NUTS 2). The approaches used in the method proposed include data from mobility, commuting, accessibility and qualitative analyses of services. The outcome shows how ESDP principles could be applied in practice in places with low-density settlement.
When preparing the European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP), Member States were supported by the European Commission but denied the EU a competence in the matter. Currently, the Treaty of ...Lisbon identifies territorial cohesion as a competence shared between the Union and the Member States. This paper is about the process architecture of territorial cohesion policy. In the past, this architecture resembled the Open Method of Coordination (OMC) which the White Paper on European Governance praised, but only in areas where there was no EU competence. This reflected zero-sum thinking which may continue even under the Lisbon Treaty. After all, for as long as territorial cohesion was not a competence, voluntary cooperation as practiced in the ESDP process was pursued in this way. However, the practice of EU policies, even in areas where there is an EU competence, often exhibits features of the OMC. Surprisingly effective innovations hold the promise of rendering institutions of decision making comprehensible and democratically accountable. In the EU as a functioning polity decision making is thus at least part deliberative so that actors’ preferences are transformed by the force of the better argument. This brings into focus the socialisation of the deliberators into epistemic communities. Largely an informal process, this is reminiscent of European spatial planning having been characterised as a learning process.
This article describes the different applications of the Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility
model (TPSR) (Hellison, 1995) to the Spanish school context, and the main lessons learned from the
...research carried out. We have arranged our studies into three sections. In the first phase, the research
focused on applying the TPSR model to adolescents at risk of social exclusion during physical education
classes. From the results of these initial investigations, we concluded the advantages of implementing
the model, not only with at risk adolescents, but with the entire class group and starting at younger
ages. Hence, in a second phase, the studies focused on implementing the TPSR with the whole class
group during the physical education lessons in elementary school. The results obtained led us to
hypothesize that the effectiveness of TPSR would be greater if applied in all areas of the primary
curriculum. The aim of the third phase (currently underway), was to adapt the TPSR model to other
areas of the school curriculum and to assess the fidelity of its implementation by teachers, and their
effectiveness in promoting the positive youth development.
En este artículo se describen las diferentes aplicaciones al contexto escolar español del modelo de
Enseñanza de la Responsabilidad Personal y Social (TPSR) (Hellison, 1995) y las principales lecciones
aprendidas de los estudios realizados. Presentamos éstos organizados en tres apartados. En la primera
fase, las investigaciones se centraron en aplicar el TPSR a adolescentes en riesgo de exclusión social durante las clases de Educación Física. De los resultados de estas primeras investigaciones, concluimos
la conveniencia de implementar el modelo, no sólo con adolescentes en situación de riesgo, sino con
todo el grupo clase y comenzar haciéndolo desde edades más tempranas. En consecuencia, en la
segunda fase, los estudios se centraron en la implementación del modelo con todo el grupo clase
durante las clases de EF de alumnos de Primaria. Los resultados obtenidos en estas investigaciones nos
llevaron a plantear la hipótesis de que la efectividad del TPSR sería mayor si se aplicaba en todas las
áreas del currículo de dicha etapa. El objetivo de la tercera fase (actualmente en proceso) fue adaptar
el TPSR a otras áreas del currículo escolar y evaluar la fidelidad de la implementación del modelo por
parte de los profesores, y su efectividad para favorecer el desarrollo positivo de los alumnos
participantes.
This paper provides an overview of the challenge of spatial reconfiguration facing South Africa. Set against a brief overview of the key aspects of the post apartheid urban policy milieu that, ...notwithstanding significant tensions within the ruling party, gave rise to a cabinet level policy commitment to a National Spatial Development Perspective (NSDP). The paper reflects on three key themes. The first issue outlined in the paper is the massive demographic shift that is taking place that underpins the development challenge. In particular trends in the process of population growth, labour market change and urbanization are summarized. Second, given the dominance of Africans in urban spaces, the paper outlines how efforts to achieve racial integration have erroneously focused on rural over urban development. A distinction is drawn between traditionalist pro-African views that give preferences to rural spending and modernist views that articulate an overly non-racial discourse that embraces a shift to urban development. Finally we argue that the failure of spatial planning as proposed by the NSDP was not inevitable, despite real flaws in the policy and its execution. The dithering on spatial policy that surrounded the NSDP must be understood as the outcome of political contestation within the ruling party and a misplaced conflation of the categories of rural and African.
When preparing the European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP), Member States were supported by the European Commission but denied the EU a competence in the matter. Currently, the Treaty of ...Lisbon identifies territorial cohesion as a competence shared between the Union and the Member States. This paper is about the process architecture of territorial cohesion policy. In the past, this architecture resembled the Open Method of Coordination (OMC) which the White Paper on European Governance praised, but only in areas where there was no EU competence. This reflected zero-sum thinking which may continue even under the Lisbon Treaty. After all, for as long as territorial cohesion was not a competence, voluntary cooperation as practiced in the ESDP process was pursued in this way. However, the practice of EU policies, even in areas where there is an EU competence, often exhibits features of the OMC. Surprisingly effective innovations hold the promise of rendering institutions of decision making comprehensible and democratically accountable. In the EU as a functioning polity decision making is thus at least part deliberative so that actors’ preferences are transformed by the force of the better argument. This brings into focus the socialisation of the deliberators into epistemic communities. Largely an informal process, this is reminiscent of European spatial planning having been characterised as a learning process.
European planning has gone through a number of metamorphoses from the European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP) to an, albeit tentative, policy to achieve territorial cohesion. The first ...section of this paper discusses developments since the turn of the century. The second section focuses on the renewed Member State initiative to produce an ‘evidence-based’ document, ‘The Territorial State and Perspectives of the European Union’, leading to the ‘Territorial Agenda of the European Union’ presented in May 2007 under the German Presidency. The third section discusses the substantive policies as proposed in the Territorial Agenda. The forth section focuses on institutional developments, including acceptance on the part of the Member States of the need for an EU territorial cohesion policy, and with it of the role of the Commission in the taking of important initiatives. The conclusions seek to make sense of these developments in the evolving context of European integration. A postscript discusses the prospects for territorial cohesion policy under the ‘Reform Treaty’.
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