We conducted a three-dimensional (3D) analysis of orthodontic tooth movement (TM) using digital dental models (DMs), focusing on the palatal region of interest (PROI), aiming to evaluate the ...long-term stability of the PROI, validate the 3D TM analysis with PROI registration, and compare it with conventional lateral cephalometric analyses.
Twenty adult patients treated with a multibracket appliance were evaluated at their first visit (T0) and at least 5 years later (T1) using DMs and lateral cephalograms (LCs). The long-term stability of PROI was assessed by calculating the point cloud distances between DM-T0 and DM-T1. TM analysis using DM with PROI registration for the maxillary central incisors was assessed through linear and angular measurements in the sagittal view and subsequently compared with the LCs.
The average point cloud distance of the PROI between DM-T0 and DM-T1 was 0.21 mm (standard deviation, 0.13 mm). TM analysis using DMs demonstrated excellent reproducibility for both linear and angular measurements (intra-rater correlation coefficient, > 0.99). The 95% limits of agreement between the DM and LC measurements were < 5.14° for angular change, 3.53 mm for vertical displacement, and 0.98 mm for horizontal displacement. No significant differences were observed in the angular and linear measurements when the TM was compared using the DMs and LCs.
The PROI remained stable for over 5 years, supporting the reproducibility and accuracy of TM assessment using PROI registration in orthodontic clinical practice.
DM analysis lacks the risks associated with X-ray exposure and can be easily performed in daily clinical practice, indicating its potential for future clinical applications. These findings further support the use of DM with PROI registration for TM analysis in orthodontic clinical practice, emphasizing its long-term stability and reproducibility.
As manufacturing capital equipment is expensive, it is necessary that the equipment once in operation is reliable and delivers to the business plan targets. Simulation along with an optimization ...system is an invaluable tool to confirm that an automated manufacturing line can produce to the required business objectives before and after it goes into operation. Simulation in manufacturing is often applied in situations where conducting experiments on a real system is very difficult often because of cost or the time to carry out the experiment is too long. Optimization is the organized search for such designs and operating modes to find the best available solution from a set of feasible solutions. It determines the set of actions or elements that must be implemented to achieve an optimized manufacturing line. As a result of being able to concurrently simulate and optimize equipment processes, the understanding of how the actual production system will perform under varying conditions is achieved. Implementing the actual changes to equipment to improve reliability can be both time consuming and expensive. Simulation in conjunction with optimization can be used to verify these improvements before the equipment is modified. This study has adopted an open-source simulation tool (JaamSim) to develop a digital model of an automated tray loader manufacturing system in the Johnson & Johnson Vision Care (JJVC) manufacturing facility. This paper demonstrates how this digital model was integrated with SimWrapper optimization and how both tools can be used for the optimization and development of an automated manufacturing line in the medical devices industry.
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•The methodological and characterization foundation for climate shelters is established.•The modelling of climate shelter variables is achieved by experimentation with a public ...transport stop.•The impact of the shelter is quantified by energy and electrical variables and the COMFA index.•The climate shelter guarantees an average surface temperature of 22 °C along a heat wave of 7 days.•90% of the time tested in the summer of 2023 showed that the occupant’s comfort level was acceptable.
Climate change intensifies urban uninhabitability due to increasingly frequent heat waves. To alleviate it, climatic shelters emerge as an initiative for the research community, which should deepen the integration of technologies that use natural resources for cooling. This work aims to evaluate a novel climatic shelter by characterizing its thermal behavior through an experimental study at a bus stop. It has the capacity to alleviate the thermal stress of its occupants thanks to cooling modules. The results allow to determine the capacity of the natural water-cooling system and the level of thermal storage, allowing to quantify the impact on the citizen by means of the COMFA comfort index. It is corroborated that the chilled water temperature reduces the surface temperature by 15 °C. The installation reduces overheating caused by solar radiation by 75 % compared to traditional shelters. It also demonstrates energy and electrical self-sufficiency even during high intensity heat waves. The shelter maintains daytime water temperature between 18 and 25 °C, even in heat waves exceeding 7 days and 45 °C air temperature. The COMFA index has been reduced to values between 70 and 120 W/m2 in 90 % of the worst weather conditions in Csa climates by Köppen Geiger, for the months of July and August 2023.
This paper proposes an automated method for creating semantic digital building models using dense point clouds and images. The method employs a hybrid bottom-up, top-down approach, integrating ...artificial intelligence capabilities in scene understanding with domain engineering knowledge to overcome challenges in indoor 3D reconstruction. The pre-trained PointTransformer semantic segmentation model extracts thirteen building objects, where the wall and ceiling segments are utilized in a 3D space parsing algorithm. The parameterized floor plan map is then generated using a data-driven approach, enabling the creation of an extruded volumetric digital model. Additionally, the YOLOV8 object detection network recognizes doors and windows in images derived from projected points of the wall instances. The validation results for six building datasets with different layouts showcase the effectiveness of the proposed model reconstruction algorithm, with a mean error of about 7 cm between the parameters of elements in digital reference models and reconstructed models. This highlights AI’s potential in automating the creation of digital models for the real world.
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•Hybrid bottom-up, top-down approach for automatically creating digital building models.•Aligning the capabilities of AI methods in scene understanding with domain knowledge.•Creation of digital building models through parametric model fitting.•Detection of doors and windows in indoor space using an object detection network.•Creating digital building models corresponding to the schematic design at LOD 200.
Digital Twin: Origin to Future Singh, Maulshree; Fuenmayor, Evert; Hinchy, Eoin ...
Applied system innovation,
05/2021, Volume:
4, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Digital Twin (DT) refers to the virtual copy or model of any physical entity (physical twin) both of which are interconnected via exchange of data in real time. Conceptually, a DT mimics the state of ...its physical twin in real time and vice versa. Application of DT includes real-time monitoring, designing/planning, optimization, maintenance, remote access, etc. Its implementation is expected to grow exponentially in the coming decades. The advent of Industry 4.0 has brought complex industrial systems that are more autonomous, smart, and highly interconnected. These systems generate considerable amounts of data useful for several applications such as improving performance, predictive maintenance, training, etc. A sudden influx in the number of publications related to ‘Digital Twin’ has led to confusion between different terminologies related to the digitalization of industries. Another problem that has arisen due to the growing popularity of DT is a lack of consensus on the description of DT as well as so many different types of DT, which adds to the confusion. This paper intends to consolidate the different types of DT and different definitions of DT throughout the literature for easy identification of DT from the rest of the complimentary terms such as ‘product avatar’, ‘digital thread’, ‘digital model’, and ‘digital shadow’. The paper looks at the concept of DT since its inception to its predicted future to realize the value it can bring to certain sectors. Understanding the characteristics and types of DT while weighing its pros and cons is essential for any researcher, business, or sector before investing in the technology.
This paper presents a simulation tool for marine hybrid power-plants equipped with polymer exchange membrane fuel cells and batteries. The virtual model, through the combination of operational data ...and dynamically modelled subsystems, can simulate power-plants of different sizes and configurations, in order to analyze the response of different energy management strategies. The model aims to replicate the realistic behavior of the components included in the vessel's grid, to asses if the hardware selected by the user is capable of delivering the power set-point requested by the energy management system. The model can then be used to optimize key factors such as hydrogen consumption. The case study presented in the paper demonstrates how the model can be used for the evaluation of a retrofitting operation, replacing a diesel electric power-plant with fuel cells and batteries. The vessel taken into consideration is a domestic ferry, operating car and passenger transport in Denmark. The vessel is outfitted with a diesel electric plant and an alternative hybrid power-plant is proposed. The hybrid configuration is tested using the model in a discrete time-domain.
•Modelling of marine hybrid power-plant with PEM fuel cells and batteries.•Energy management strategy for hybrid power-plant.•Validation of the model using real world data for the double ended ferry.•Analysis on the simulation result and optimization of the power-plant.
Investigating the dependence of the physical properties of hydrate-bearing sediments (HBS) on hydrate occurrence patterns and saturation levels is crucial for exploring gas hydrate resources. ...However, precise analysis of these effects remains challenging due to limitations in current experimental techniques and numerical modeling methods that cannot accurately control the hydrate saturation and distribution patterns. In this work, to address such issues, we propose a novel hybrid modeling approach integrating X-ray CT imaging technology, morphological operation algorithm, and quartet structure generation set method. Then, we generate 75 samples containing pore-floating, cementing, as well as bridging hydrates, each with predefined saturation levels, and comprehensively investigate the effects of the hydrate distribution patterns and saturation on the pore radius, coordination number, correlation functions, permeability, electrical conductivity, and elastic moduli of HBS. The findings indicate that the heterogeneity of pore and throat radius distributions varies across different hydrate types. The increase in pore-floating hydrate leads to the most rapid decline in the pore and throat radii, tortuosity, and pore-space correlation, but it makes the average coordination number larger while the others decrease the number. Moreover, the cementing patterns cause the weakest damage to the permeability and electrical conductivity with low hydrate saturation. When the hydrate saturation is larger than about 45%, the bridging pattern has the greatest effect on the mass transport properties. Furthermore, the pore-floating and bridging patterns cause the largest and smallest increase in the elastic moduli, respectively. The hydrate occurrence pattern causes a larger effect on the bulk modulus than the shear modulus.
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•A method for controlling hydrate occurrence patterns and saturation is proposed.•Pore-floating type has the greatest effect on permeability and electroconductivity.•Hydrate occurrence pattern causes a larger effect on bulk modulus than shear one.
A Digital Twin (DT) is a set of computer-generated models that map a physical object into a virtual space. Both physical and virtual elements exchange information to monitor, simulate, predict, ...diagnose and control the state and behavior of the physical object within the virtual space. DTs supply a system with information and operating status, providing capabilities to create new business models. In this paper, we focus on the construction of DTs. More specifically, we focus on determining (methodologically) how to design, create and connect physical objects with their virtual counterpart. We explore the problem into several phases: from functional requirement selection and architecture planning to integration and verification of the final (digital) models. We address as well how physical components exchange real-time information with DTs, as well as experimental platforms to build DTs (including protocols and standards). We conclude with a discussion and open challenges.
The Digital Twin (DT) is commonly known as a key enabler for the digital transformation, however, in literature is no common understanding concerning this term. It is used slightly different over the ...disparate disciplines. The aim of this paper is to provide a categorical literature review of the DT in manufacturing and to classify existing publication according to their level of integration of the DT. Therefore, it is distinct between Digital Model (DM), Digital Shadow (DS) and Digital Twin. The results are showing, that literature concerning the highest development stage, the DT, is scarce, whilst there is more literature about DM and DS.
X-ray computed tomography for 3D plant imaging Piovesan, Agnese; Vancauwenberghe, Valérie; Van De Looverbosch, Tim ...
Trends in plant science,
November 2021, 2021-11-00, 20211101, Volume:
26, Issue:
11
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
X-ray computed tomography (CT) is a valuable tool for 3D imaging of plant tissues and organs. Applications include the study of plant development and organ morphogenesis, as well as modeling of ...transport processes in plants. Some challenges remain, however, including attaining higher contrast for easier quantification, increasing the resolution for imaging subcellular features, and decreasing image acquisition and processing time for high-throughput phenotyping. In addition, phase contrast, multispectral, dark-field, soft X-ray, and time-resolved imaging are emerging. At the same time, a large amount of 3D image data are becoming available, posing challenges for data management. We review recent advances in the area of X-ray CT for plant imaging, and describe opportunities for using such images for studying transport processes in plants.
High-resolution X-ray computed tomography (CT) instruments are increasingly becoming available to plant research laboratories for structural phenotyping experiments at the macro-, micro-, and nanoscales.New developments in contrast agents, phase contrast, and soft X-ray imaging improve image contrast and allow the visualization of previously unresolved structural featuresTime-resolved X-ray CT techniques are emerging and permit dynamic imaging in real time owing to improvements in acquisition and image reconstruction.Automatic image-processing algorithms based on machine and deep learning are starting to appear and replace conventional image processing based on often cumbersome and manually operated segmentation procedures.X-ray CT-based mathematical models are being developed to compute the effect of plant tissue structure on relevant physiological processes such as respiration and photosynthesis.
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