Background
Alcohol consumption is a risk factor for a number of communicable and non‐communicable diseases, including several types of cancer. This article reports the burden of cancers attributable ...to alcohol consumption by age, sex, location, sociodemographic index (SDI), and cancer type from 1990 to 2019.
Methods
The Comparative Risk Assessment approach was used in the 2019 Global Burden of Disease study to report the burden of cancers attributable to alcohol consumption between 1990 and 2019.
Results
In 2019, there were globally an estimated 494.7 thousand cancer deaths (95% uncertainty interval UI, 439.7 to 554.1) and 13.0 million cancer disability‐adjusted life‐years (DALYs; 95% UI, 11.6 to 14.5) that were attributable to alcohol consumption. The alcohol‐attributable DALYs were much higher in men (10.5 million; 95% UI, 9.2 to 11.8) than women (2.5 million; 95% UI, 2.2 to 2.9). The global age‐standardized death and DALY rates of cancers attributable to alcohol decreased by 14.7% (95% UI, 6.4% to 23%) and 18.1% (95% UI, 9.2% to 26.5%), respectively, over the study period. Central Europe had the highest age‐standardized death rates that were attributable to alcohol consumption(10.3; 95% UI, 8.7 to12.0). Moreover, there was an overall positive association between SDI and the regional age‐standardized DALY rate for alcohol‐attributable cancers.
Conclusions
Despite decreases in age‐standardized deaths and DALYs, substantial numbers of cancer deaths and DALYs are still attributable to alcohol consumption. Because there is a higher burden in males, the elderly, and developed regions (based on SDI), these groups and regions should be prioritized in any prevention programs.
Background
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death and a main economic burden in China. Investigating the differences in cancer patterns and control strategies between China and developed ...countries could provide reference for policy planning and contribute to improving cancer control measures. In this study, we reviewed the rates and trends of cancer incidence and mortality and disability‐adjusted life year (DALY) burden in China, and compared them with those in the United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK).
Methods
Cancer incidence, mortality, and DALY data for China, US and UK were obtained from the GLOBOCAN 2020 online database, Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study, and Cancer Incidence in Five Continents plus database (CI5 plus). Trends of cancer incidence and mortality in China, US, and UK were analyzed using Joinpoint regression models to calculate annual percent changes (APCs) and identify the best‐fitting joinpoints.
Results
An estimated 4,568,754 newly diagnosed cancer cases and 3,002,899 cancer deaths occurred in China in 2020. Additionally, cancers resulted in 67,340,309 DALYs in China. Compared to the US and UK, China had lower cancer incidence but higher cancer mortality and DALY rates. Furthermore, the cancer spectrum of China was changing, with a rapid increase incidence and burden of lung, breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer in addition to a high incidence and heavy burden of liver, stomach, esophageal, and cervical cancer.
Conclusions
The cancer spectrum of China is changing from a developing country to a developed country. Population aging and increase of unhealthy lifestyles would continue to increase the cancer burden of China. Therefore, the Chinese authorities should adjust the national cancer control program with reference to the practices of cancer control which have been well‐established in the developed countries, and taking consideration of the diversity of cancer types by of different regions in China at the same time.
The cancer spectrum of China is changing, with a rapidly increase incidence and burden of "cancers of the rich" (lung, breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer) in addition to a high incidence and heavy burden of “cancers of the poor” (liver, stomach, esophageal, and cervical cancer).
Background
Asthma and atopic dermatitis (AD) are chronic allergic conditions, along with allergic rhinitis and food allergy and cause high morbidity and mortality both in children and adults. This ...study aims to evaluate the global, regional, national, and temporal trends of the burden of asthma and AD from 1990 to 2019 and analyze their associations with geographic, demographic, social, and clinical factors.
Methods
Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD), Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019, we assessed the age‐standardized prevalence, incidence, mortality, and disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) of both asthma and AD from 1990 to 2019, stratified by geographic region, age, sex, and socio‐demographic index (SDI). DALYs were calculated as the sum of years lived with disability and years of life lost to premature mortality. Additionally, the disease burden of asthma attributable to high body mass index, occupational asthmagens, and smoking was described.
Results
In 2019, there were a total of 262 million 95% uncertainty interval (UI): 224–309 million cases of asthma and 171 million 95% UI: 165–178 million total cases of AD globally; age‐standardized prevalence rates were 3416 95% UI: 2899–4066 and 2277 95% UI: 2192–2369 per 100,000 population for asthma and AD, respectively, a 24.1% 95% UI: −27.2 to −20.8 decrease for asthma and a 4.3% 95% UI: 3.8–4.8 decrease for AD compared to baseline in 1990. Both asthma and AD had similar trends according to age, with age‐specific prevalence rates peaking at age 5–9 years and rising again in adulthood. The prevalence and incidence of asthma and AD were both higher for individuals with higher SDI; however, mortality and DALYs rates of individuals with asthma had a reverse trend, with higher mortality and DALYs rates in those in the lower SDI quintiles. Of the three risk factors, high body mass index contributed to the highest DALYs and deaths due to asthma, accounting for a total of 3.65 million 95% UI: 2.14–5.60 million asthma DALYs and 75,377 95% UI: 40,615–122,841 asthma deaths.
Conclusions
Asthma and AD continue to cause significant morbidity worldwide, having increased in total prevalence and incidence cases worldwide, but having decreased in age‐standardized prevalence rates from 1990 to 2019. Although both are more frequent at younger ages and more prevalent in high‐SDI countries, each condition has distinct temporal and regional characteristics. Understanding the temporospatial trends in the disease burden of asthma and AD could guide future policies and interventions to better manage these diseases worldwide and achieve equity in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
Using data from the Global Burden Disease 2019 study, we assessed the total cases and age‐standardized prevalence of both asthma and atopic dermatitis in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. In 2019, there were a total of 262 million 95% uncertainty interval (UI): 224–309 million cases of asthma and 171 million 95% UI: 165–178 million cases of AD globally; age‐standardized prevalence rates were 3416 95% UI: 2899–4066 and 2277 95% UI: 2192–2369 per 100,000 population for asthma and atopic dermatitis, respectively, a 24.1% 95% UI: −27.2 to −20.8 decrease for asthma and a 4.3% 95% UI: 3.8–4.8 decrease for atopic dermatitis compared to baseline in 1990. Asthma and atopic dermatitis continue to cause significant morbidity worldwide, having increased in total prevalence and incidence cases worldwide, but having decreased in age‐standardized prevalence rates from 1990 to 2019. Abbreviations: GBD, Global Burden Disease; UI, uncertainty interval
Acute viral hepatitis (AVH) represents an important global health problem; however, the progress in understanding AVH is limited because of the priority of combating persistent HBV and HCV ...infections. Therefore, an improved understanding of the burden of AVH is required to help design strategies for global intervention.
Data on 4 major AVH types, including acute hepatitis A, B, C, and E, excluding D, were collected by the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 database. Age-standardized incidence rates and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rates for AVH were extracted from GBD 2019 and stratified by sex, level of socio-demographic index (SDI), country, and territory. The association between the burden of AVH and socioeconomic development status, as represented by the SDI, was described.
In 2019, there was an age-standardized incidence rate of 3,615.9 (95% CI 3,360.5–3,888.3) and an age-standardized DALY rate of 58.0 (47.3–70.0) per 100,000 person-years for the 4 major types of AVH. Among the major AVH types, acute hepatitis A caused the heaviest burden. There was a significant downward trend in age-standardized DALY rates caused by major incidences of AVH between 1990 and 2019. In 2019, regions or countries located in West and East Africa exhibited the highest age-standardized incidence rates of the 4 major AVH types. These rates were stratified by SDI: high SDI and high-middle SDI locations recorded the lowest incidence and DALY rates of AVH, whereas the low-middle SDI and low SDI locations showed the highest burden of AVH.
The socioeconomic development status and burden of AVH are associated. Therefore, the GBD 2019 data should be used by policymakers to guide cost-effective interventions for AVH.
We identified a negative association between socioeconomic development status and the burden of acute viral hepatitis. The lowest burden of acute viral hepatitis was noted for rich countries, whereas the highest burden of acute viral hepatitis was noted for poor countries.
Display omitted
•Association of socioeconomic development status with burden of AVH was identified.•Lowest incidence and DALY rate of AVH noted for high- and high-middle SDI location.•Highest burden of AVH noted for low-middle- and low SDI locations.•Our findings may benefit policymakers in allocating resources.
Objective
The Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (GBD 2010) is the first to include conduct disorder (CD) and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) for burden quantification.
Method
A ...previous systematic review pooled the available epidemiological data for CD and ADHD, and predicted prevalence by country, region, age and sex for each disorder. Prevalence was then multiplied by a disability weight to calculate years lived with disability (YLDs). As no evidence of deaths resulting directly from either CD or ADHD was found, no years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated. Therefore, the number of disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) was equal to that of YLDs.
Results
Globally, CD was responsible for 5.75 million YLDs/DALYs with ADHD responsible for a further 491,500. Collectively, CD and ADHD accounted for 0.80% of total global YLDs and 0.25% of total global DALYs. In terms of global DALYs, CD was the 72nd leading contributor and among the 15 leading causes in children aged 5–19 years. Between 1990 and 2010, global DALYs attributable to CD and ADHD remained stable after accounting for population growth and ageing.
Conclusions
The global burden of CD and ADHD is significant, particularly in male children. Appropriate allocation of resources to address the high morbidity associated with CD and ADHD is necessary to reduce global burden. However, burden estimation was limited by data lacking for all four epidemiological parameters and by methodological challenges in quantifying disability. Future studies need to address these limitations in order to increase the accuracy of burden quantification.
ABSTRACT
Aims
To compare systematically the alcohol‐attributable mortality and burden of disease estimates for 2016 from a recent study by Shield and colleagues and the Global Burden of Disease study ...2017 (GBD).
Method
This study compared estimates of alcohol‐attributable mortality and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) lost for 2016 with regards to absolute and relative differences, by region and by cause of disease or injury. Relative differences between the two studies are reported herein as percentage (%) differences. A difference of 10% or more was considered meaningful.
Results
The studies estimated similar global levels of overall alcohol‐attributable mortality for 2016 (Shield and colleagues estimated 5.1% more alcohol‐attributable mortality than the GBD study) but not alcohol‐attributable DALYs lost (18.3% difference). There were marked differences by region and cause of disease or injury. Compared with the results from Shield and colleagues, the GBD study estimated a lower alcohol‐attributable burden in Eastern Europe by 252 770 alcohol‐attributable deaths (45.2% difference) and 6.1 million alcohol‐attributable DALYs lost (32.9% difference) and in Western sub‐Saharan Africa by 124 200 alcohol‐attributable deaths (55.7% difference) and 7.0 million alcohol‐attributable DALYs lost (63.4% difference), and estimated a higher alcohol‐attributable burden in East Asia by 227 100 alcohol‐attributable deaths (48.0% difference) and 2.2 million DALYs lost (11.0% difference). With regard to the cause of disease or injury, Shield and colleagues attributed an overall detrimental effect to alcohol on ischaemic heart disease mortality, whereas the GBD study attributed a net beneficial effect. The GBD study, as compared with Shield and colleagues’ study, estimated a lower alcohol‐attributable mortality because of liver cirrhosis and injuries by 262 500 (44.6% difference) and 398 800 (46.2% difference), respectively.
Conclusions
Differences in estimates of the alcohol‐attributable burden of disease in two recent studies indicate the need to improve the accuracy of underlying data and risk relations to obtain more consistent estimates and to formulate, advocate for, and implement alcohol policies more effectively.
Objective
To report the global burden of maternal disorders and their main subcategories in 195 countries and territories between 2007 and 2017.
Methods
The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and ...Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimated maternal disease burden at global, regional, and country levels. Maternal disorders were disaggregated into 10 categories, and estimated incidence and disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) of maternal disorders were reported separately. Indicators were estimated in different geographic settings and different sociodemographic index (SDI) regions. Based on GBD 2017 estimates, we systematically examined the incidence and DALYs of maternal disorders and their main subcategories at the global, regional, and national levels during the period from 2007 to 2017 by age and SDI.
Results
Globally, a total of 7.98 million maternal disorders occurred in 2017, with a 4.33% (95% uncertainty interval UI 3.24%–5.60%) decrease in age‐standardized incidence rate and a more significant decrease (30.26%) in the age‐standardized rate of DALYs. Most incidences and DALYs were found in low‐income and middle‐income countries, especially in the sub‐Saharan region. The greatest incidence of maternal disorders was found to be in maternal abortion and miscarriage (2.00 million), and the highest disease burden was in maternal hemorrhage (2.23 million).
Conclusion
A slight increase in the incidence of maternal disorders and substantial reductions in DALYs of overall maternal disorders and their main subcategories were found from 2007 to 2017, especially in low‐income countries and the sub‐Saharan region. Maternal hemorrhage, hypertensive disorders, and indirect maternal death were the top three causes of maternal disorders disease burden.
Description of incidence and disability‐adjusted life‐years of maternal disorders at global, regional, and national levels (2007–2017) is helpful for resource allocation on maternal health.
Background and aims
Quantifying the health burden of alcohol has largely focused upon harm to drinkers, which is an underestimate. There is a growing literature on alcohol‘s harm to others (HTO), but ...it lacks the systematic transfer of HTO into a comparative risk assessment framework. This study calculated disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), interpersonal violence and traffic injury due to another‘s drinking.
Design
This study is a disease burden analysis, using modelling of DALYs for New Zealand in 2018.
Setting and participants
The study took place among the Aotearoa/New Zealand population in 2018.
Measurements
The involvement of others’ drinking was obtained from prevalence, alcohol‐attributable fraction studies and administrative data. Disability weights (DW) for FASD were adapted from fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) weights using a Beta–Pert probability distribution; for interpersonal injury, DWs used hospital events linked with injury compensation; for traffic injury, DWs used hospital events. Populations were stratified by ethnicity, age group and gender. A descriptive comparison was made with a previous estimate of DALYs for drinkers.
Findings
In 2018, 78 277 healthy life years were lost in Aotearoa/New Zealand due to alcohol's HTO. The main contributor (90.3%) was FASD, then traffic crashes (6.3%) and interpersonal violence (3.4%). The indigenous population, Māori, was impacted at a higher rate (DALYs among Māori were 25 per 1000 population; among non‐Māori 15 per 1000 population). The burden of HTO was greater than that to drinkers (DALYs HTO = 78 277; DALYs drinkers = 60 174).
Conclusions
Disability from fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) appears to be a major contributor to alcohol's harm to others in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Taking FASD into account, the health burden of harm to others is larger than harm to the drinker in Aotearoa/New Zealand, and ethnicity differences show inequity in harm to others. Quantification of the burden of harm informs the value of implementing effective alcohol policies and should include the full range of harms.
Background and Aims
Acute hepatitis E (AHE) is still a public health issue worldwide. Here, we report the global burden of AHE in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019 by age, sex and ...socio‐demographic index (SDI), and predict the future trends to 2030.
Methods
Data on AHE were collected from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study 2019. The average annual percentage change (AAPC) and joinpoint analysis were used to determine the burden trend.
Results
In 2019, there were 19.47 million (95% UI, 16.04 to 23.37 million) incident cases of AHE globally, with a 19% increase since 1990. Age‐standardized rate (ASR) of disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs), prevalent and incident cases declined from 1990 to 2019. In 2019, the ASR of incidence, prevalence and DALYs due to HEV infection were highest in the same regions of South Asia for both sexes. Southern Sub‐Saharan Africa presented the highest increases in the ASR for incidence of HEV infection in both males (AAPC = .25) and females (AAPC = .24) from 1990 to 2019. Incident cases are higher in males than females before 55–59 years old. The SDI values were negatively correlated with the age‐standardized DALYs. Between 2019 and 2030, the ASR for incidence and prevalence of HEV for both sexes showed an increasing trend.
Conclusions
Although the overall ASR of AHE decreased, the burden of AHE remains an underappreciated problem for society. The findings may provide useful information for policymakers to develop appropriate strategies aimed at reducing the burden of AHE.
Background
The global burden of gallbladder and biliary tract cancer (GBTC) is increasing. A comprehensive evaluation of the burden is crucial to improve strategies for GBTC prevention and treatment.
...Methods
The incidence rates, mortality, and disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) of GBTC from 1990 to 2017 were extracted from the Global Burden of Diseases Study (GBD) 2017. Estimated annual percent changes (EAPCs) were calculated to quantify GBTC trends during the study period.
Results
Globally, there were 210,878 new cases, 173,974 deaths, and 3,483,046 DALYs because of GBTC in 2017. GBTC incidence increased by 76%, mortality increased by 65%, and DALYs increased by 52% from 1990 to 2017. In addition, relatively higher Socio‐Demographic Index regions had greater incidence and death rates but greatly decreased age‐standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age‐standardized death rate (ASDR). At the national level, Chile had the highest ASIR (10.38 per 100,000 population) and the highest ASDR (10.43 per 100,000 population) in 2017. The largest increases in ASIR (EAPC, 3.38) and ASDR (EAPC, 3.39) were observed in Georgia. Nonlinear associations were observed between the ASDR, the Socio‐Demographic Index, and DALYs at the 21 GBD regional levels and at the national level. The proportions of GBTC age‐standardized deaths and DALYs attributable to high body mass index were 15.4% and 16%, respectively.
Conclusions
GBTC remains a major health burden worldwide. These findings are expected to prompt policymakers to establish a cost‐effective method for the early diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of GBTC, reducing its modifiable risk factors and reversing its increasing trends.
Lay Summary
Although the rates of age‐standardized incidence, death, and disability‐adjusted life‐years for gallbladder and biliary tract cancer decreased from 1990 to 2017, the numbers of these measures increased.
Nonlinear associations existed between the age‐standardized death rate, the Socio‐Demographic Index, and disability‐adjusted life‐years at the 21 regional and national levels in the Global Burden of Disease Study.
Gallbladder and biliary tract cancer (GBTC) remains a major health burden worldwide; however, the burden of GBTC varies geographically. Establishing a cost‐effective method for the early diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of GBTC, reducing its modifiable risk factors, and reversing the increasing trend are warranted to reduce the GBTC burden.
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