Aquatic species are continuously exposed to pharmaceuticals and changeable water conditions simultaneously, which can induce changes in the toxicity of pollutants. Cyanobacterium are an organism for ...which less ecotoxicological tests have been performed compared to green algae. In this study, we decided to check how selected non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) affect the grow of Synechocystis salina, picocyanobacterium isolated from the Baltic Sea, with salinity as potential modulator of toxicity. S. salina was exposed to diclofenac (DCF), ibuprofen (IBF) and naproxen (NPX) (nominal 100 mg L−1) in BG11 medium and sea salt supplemented BG11 medium (38 PSU) over 96 h in continuous light at 23 °C. No acute toxicity was found in both tested salinity levels. The comparable grow rate in exposed culture compared to control culture over 4 days indicate lack of stress for several generations which need to be overcome with substantial energy consumption. S. salina was found to be halotolerant and can be species for ecotoxicology test where salinity in an additional stressor. Furthermore, resistant of S. salina to target NSAIDs provide a competitive advantage over other phytoplankton species.
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•S. salina is opportunistic to high concentrations of NSAIDs.•The high salinity (38 PSU) caused salt shock, but cyanobacteria cells adapted.•The NSAIDs were stable in test conditions, and they did not bioaccumulate.•The 38 PSU had a minor effect on the toxicity of NSAIDs toward S. salina.
•Extremely stable O/W nanoemulsions with different salt contents are formulated.•The nanoemulsions displayed unusual rheological behavior and pH-responsive character.•The formulated nanoemulsions ...possess practical attractive characteristics.•Emulsions displayed shearing-thinning, Newtonian, and shearing-thickening behaviors.•Crude oil can be completely recovered from the nanoemulsions within 1 h.
The interest in utilizing nanoemulsions in a number of industrial applications is growing rapidly because of their superiority over conventional emulsions. Therefore, the formulation of highly stable crude oil-in-water nanoemulsions with different salinity (i.e., NaCl) levels is preseented in this study. Despite the observed extreme emulsion stability, zeta potential of the nanoemulsions decreased with increasing the salt concentration as a result of the charge screening effect induced by NaCl addition. Charge screening effect and, accordingly, the weakening of the electrostatic repulsion range and strength resulted in an increase in the average droplet size and also in a wider size distribution as the salinity level in the nanoemulsions increased. Additionally, the nanoemulsion viscosity also increased with increasing the salt concentration, however, the increase was marginal (except at 20 g/L NaCl). One interesting and unprecedented observation reported herein is the change in the nanoemulsion flow behavior from shear-thinning to Newtonian and then to shear-thickening as the applied shear rate increased. Nonetheless, at a salt concentration of 20 g/L NaCl, the shear-thickening behavior disappeared. Another important finding is that the presence of NaCl made the on-purpose destabilization of these stable nanoemulsions through the addition of NaOH or HCl (i.e., pH-alteration induced demulsification) more effective.
ABSTRACT Tephrosia egregia Sandwith is a species that develops in some States of the Northeast region of Brazil. It is propagated by seeds and has considerable potential for restoration. Thus, ...studies related to seed germination are important for the species. The aims were to characterize the post-seminal development and evaluate the germination response of the seeds under different temperatures and water stress and salt stress. Germination tests were performed at 20, 25, 30 and 20-30 °C and under PEG 6000 and NaCl concentrations (-0.2, -0.4, -0.6 and -0.8 MPa). The germination test should be conducted in a paper roll at 25 ºC for 14 days. Seed germination declines from the water potential of -0.2 MPa on; the species is sensitive to water stress. Under salt stress, there is more accentuated decline in germination as from -0.4 MPa, and this is an indication have a certain tolerance to salinity.
RESUMO Tephrosia egrégia Sandwith é uma espécie que se desenvolve em alguns Estados do Nordeste. Sua propagação é realizada por meio de sementes, sendo uma espécie potencial para restauração. Os objetivos foram caracterizar o desenvolvimento pós-seminal e avaliar a germinação das sementes sob diferentes temperaturas e sob estresse hídrico e salino. Testes de germinação foram conduzidos a 20, 25, 30 e 20-30 °C e sob concentrações de PEG6000 e NaCl (-0.2, -0.4, -0.6 e -0.8 MPa). O teste de germinação deve ser conduzido em rolo de papel sob temperatura constante de 25 ºC durante 14 dias. A germinação das sementes é reduzida a partir do potencial hídrico de -0.2 MPa, sendo a espécie sensível ao estresse hídrico. Sob estresse salino, a redução mais acentuada na germinação, a partir de -0.4 MPa, sendo isso um indicativo de uma certa tolerância à salinidade.
Mussels within the Baltic Mytilus edulis × M. trossulus hybrid zone have adapted to the low salinities in the Baltic Sea which, however, results in slow-growing dwarfed mussels. To get a better ...understanding of the nature of dwarfism, we studied the ability of M. trossulus to feed and grow at low salinity (7 psu) compared with its performance at relatively high-salinity (20 psu) in controlled laboratory experiments, supplemented with field (Great Belt) growth experiments with M. trossulus and M. edulis in net-bags. Subsequently, the growth of M. trossulus transplanted in cages to various localities in the northern Baltic Sea was used to evaluate the effect of very low salinities, down to 3.4 psu. The laboratory feeding experiments with M. trossulus at 7 psu showed that the growth in shell length was negligible, whereas the body dry weight nearly doubled during the 15 d experiment, with a weight-specific growth rate of 3.7% d−1. The same parameters measured at 20 psu showed a pronounced growth in both shell length and body dry weight, with a weight-specific growth rate of 2.2% d−1. The growth rates of M. trossulus and M. edulis in suspended net-bags in the Great Belt (22 psu) were similar: 5.6 and 6.8% d−1, respectively. M. trossulus in cage experiments had positive growth rates at locations with salinities above 4.5 psu, up to 2.60% d−1, but negligible increase in the shell length, and at sites with salinities below about 4.5 psu, the somatic growth was negative, around –0.3% d−1, which indicates valve closure and respiratory weight loss. A trend line in a plot of all available growth data for both mussel species as a function of salinity indicates that the growth of mussels is steadily hampered by reduced salinities from 30 psu down to about 10 psu, below which the growth is rapidly reduced to become negative below 4.5 psu. We suggest that reduced ability to produce shell material at extremely low salinity may explain dwarfism of mussels in the Baltic Sea. Reduced bio-calcification at low salinity, however, may impede shell growth, but not somatic growth, and this may at first result in an increased condition index, as seen in the benthic Baltic Sea mussels transferred to cages suspended in the water column.
Methane gas hydrate may become a significant source of methane gas in the global energy mix for the next decades. The widespread distribution of methane gas hydrate, primarily in subsea sediments on ...continental margins, makes the crystalline compound attractive for countries with shorelines that seek self‐sustainable energy. Fundamental understanding of pore‐level methane gas hydrate distribution and dissociation pattern in reservoirs is important to anticipate the methane production rate and overall efficiency. Specifically, the local salinity gradients occurring during methane gas hydrate dissociation, and its impact on local dissociation characteristics, must be understood as the aqueous phase in most reservoirs is saline. We experimentally evaluate the salinity effect on methane gas hydrate dissociation using high‐pressure silicon‐wafer micromodels with realistic sandstone grain characteristics. Methane gas hydrate was formed for a range of brine salinities (0–5 wt% NaCl), and we report variations in dissociation patterns during depressurization and thermal stimulation as a function of brine salinity. A strong correlation between initial methane gas hydrate distribution and dissociation characteristic, and subsequent release and mobilization of methane gas, was observed. Local water salinities affected the methane gas hydrate structure leading to distinct dissociation patterns of self‐preservation due to water freshening.
Plain Language Summary
Methane gas hydrates have the potential to become the next big energy resource, and high‐end estimates suggest an energy equivalent to conventional fossil fuels combined. The potential in full‐scale commercialization drives research and industry to better understand hydrates in natural sedimentary systems, and several short‐term field pilots investigating production by depressurization have been undertaken the last decades. This study investigates the link between brine salinity and hydrate melting inside the microsized pores in sedimentary rocks where the hydrates occur.
Key Points
Micromodel pore‐level visualization was used to study methane gas hydrate dissociation in sediments
A conceptual model of methane gas hydrate dissociation based on new experimental pore‐scale data is presented
Pore water salinity resulted in multiple dissociation pressures due to local pore water freshening during methane gas hydrate dissociation
A study was conducted using ten genetically diverse genotypes along with their 45F
1
(generated by diallel mating) under normal and salt stress conditions. Although, tomato (
Lycopersicon esculentum
...Mill.) is moderately sensitive to salinity but more attention to salinity is yet to be required in the production of tomato. In present study, germination rate, speed of germination, dry weight ratio and Na
+
/K
+
ratio in root and shoot, were the parameters assayed on three salinity levels; control, 1.0 % NaCl and 3.0 % NaCl with Hoagland’s solution. Increasing salt stress negatively affected growth and development of tomato. When salt concentration increased, germination of tomato seed was reduced and the time needed to complete germination lengthened, root/shoot dry weight ratio was higher and Na
+
content increased but K
+
content decreased. Among the varieties, Sel-7 followed by Arka Vikas and crosses involving them as a parent were found to be the more tolerant genotypes in the present study on the basis of studied parameters.
► The use of saline water applied by drip irrigation for potato production in an arid climate is demonstrated. ► Significant differences in the response to salinity among cultivated potatoes are ...shown for the first time under field conditions. ► The production of potato seed tubers with saline water applied by drip irrigation is demonstrated. ► Procedures for the selection of potatoes with improved tolerance to salinity under field conditions are discussed.
Ten potato varieties, commonly grown in the Mediterranean region, were grown on sandy soil in an arid desert area of Israel. The potatoes were drip-irrigated with three water sources: fresh water (control – ENV1), saline water from a local well (intermediate salinity – ENV2) and the local well water enriched with NaCl (high salinity – ENV3). The average salinity levels expressed as the electrical conductivity (EC) measured in the soil extracts from the root zone were 2.35, 5.1 and 8.5dSm−1 for the ENV1, ENV2 and ENV3 treatments, respectively. Salinity stress decreased fresh tuber yields, increased tuber dry matter and soluble solids, increased tuber electrolyte content and lowered osmotic potential (OP) of the tuber sap in all varieties. ANOVA and Fisher's LSD pair-comparisons revealed highly significant differences among the varieties in all traits. Correlation analyses showed negative associations between tuber yield and tuber traits (dry matter, DM; total soluble solids, TSS, EC and OP). Positive associations were found between tuber DM and TSS, EC and OP. There was no positive association between early maturation or yielding capacity and tolerance to salinity. Vivaldi, a high-yielding variety and Almera, a low-yielding variety were found significantly less susceptible to salinity than Mondial, a late-maturing and high-yielding variety, and Charlotte, an early-maturing and low-yielding variety. The significant differences in the response to salinity stress indicated genotypic variation in the response to salinity and support the potential of breeding for tolerance to salinity in potatoes.
When seed tubers of the three irrigation treatments were grown with fresh water irrigation during the following season, there were no significant differences in plant growth or tuber yields from the three seed sources in most varieties indicating the possibility of using saline water for the production of potato seed tubers.
The aqueous solubility of four organotin compounds, such as tributyltin chloride (TBTCl), bis(tributyltin) oxide (TBTO), triphenyltin chloride (TPTCl) and bis(triphenyltin) oxide (TPTO) was ...determined at various salinity, pH and temperature. The solubility of these compounds decreased with increasing the salinity. It also changed at different pH and was minimum in the pH range of 6–8. The solubility at 10°C was about half of that at 25°C. The minimal solubility of TBTs and TPTs in artificial seawater at 25°C was 1.0 mg
Sn 1
−1 at pH 6–8 and 0.3 mg
Sn 1
−1 at pH 7–8 and in distilled water at 25°C was 15 mg
Sn 1
−1 at pH 7–8 and 0.8 mg
Sn 1
−1 at pH 7–8, respectively.
In this article, a novel coaxial three-electrode distributed conductance sensor (CTDCS) is proposed to achieve the salinity and oil content independent measurement of the liquid film thickness in ...multiphase slug flow. The conductance sensor obtains the liquid film thickness by measuring the conductance between the electrodes. However, the conductance depends on the liquid film thickness and liquid conductivity. For gas-water and oil-gas-water flows in an industrial process, the variations of the salinity and oil content of liquid phase change the liquid conductivity. This will seriously affect the measurement of the liquid film thickness using a conventional two-electrode sensor. Owing to its novel three-electrode configuration, the proposed CTDCS can overcome the problem mentioned above. The optimal geometry of the CTDCS is determined by exhaustive search using a finite-element method, and the electronic circuit suitable for the condition of conductivity variation is investigated. The ratio of two-channel outputs, which is independent of conductivity is acquired and its relationship with the liquid film thickness is established. The advantages of the CTDCS are that it can online compensate conductivity variations and acquire the circumferential distribution of liquid film thicknesses. Hence, the salinity and oil content independent measurement of liquid film thickness is realized for the first time.
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