In order to provide new information on hybrid photovoltaic systems, this paper presents a technical, economic, and ecological study of a hybrid PV system connected to a storage system and utilized to ...power a remote site. We came up with a plan of action based on the HOMER software in order to accomplish our objective. The results indicate that, in comparison to PV alone and diesel alone, the hybrid system is the optimum choice given the location selected using local resources and the characteristics of the load to be provided. In addition, the hybrid system offers various advantages over diesel alone in terms of technology, economy, and even the environment. All gas emissions are significantly reduced, and the results highlight the importance of renewable energy in reducing gas emissions. These results might assist manufacturers by providing the answers to various queries regarding this kind of installation.
Background
Approximately 90% of the global human population have access to a supply of electrical energy. Existing national electrical energy supply systems possess good technical availability but ...with significant system-inherent risks. The latter show their effects in the systems’ operational behaviour, their impact on the national economy and on the global climate. National electrical energy supply systems in their current state can therefore not be considered sustainable. This invites the question, “can there be a national electrical energy supply system that is simultaneously technologically, economically and environmentally sustainable?”.
Main text
The contents of this article are of a fundamental nature. They start from a newly established axiomatic system for multiple-sustainable electric energy systems. The axioms contain no dependencies on individual users, nation states or technologies. For the transition into a sustainable energy system, core challenges faced by existing systems are synthesized, the fulfillment of which determines the feasibility of future systems. We state that anthropogenically generated electrical energy is a product possessing a cultural-technical significance. In this article, the possibilities arising from the physical fundamentals are considered. In addition, a new control system is developed that integrates user impact, quality assurance and cost developments in order to show a means to multiple-sustainable energy supply systems. An essential component of the control system is a unified view of energy production and energy transport. This also includes a transition from the previous, technology-dominated energy supply system into a new system for which the relevant social concerns are primary. One axiom deals with the economic concerns of management organizations of national electrical energy systems. At first, only the monetary working hypothesis is formulated, whereby organizations within the energy economy must be decoupled from basic business principles. Detailed discussions will be dealt with in a further article.
Conclusions
Through the transition from a technology-defined to a user-defined electrical energy supply system, the system-immanent risks in the operational behaviour, the national economy and the climate can be avoided simultaneously in an ideal complementary combination. Building upon the physical solution space, the quality-assured control process, which contains a systematic cost-reversal and a central focus upon the cultural-technical product of electrical energy, ensures such a transition is achievable by means of fulfillment of the core challenges. For these fundamental statements, which refer to the transformation into a future system, detailed explanations of organizational units are not yet necessary since they are not subject to any natural-scientific restrictions. However, they are essential for the post-transformation process.
The text provides an analysis of the disorganization of large sociotechnical networks and infrastructure in Brazil, due to the coronavirus epidemic. Special attention is paid to the entanglement of ...infrastructural networks, such as the health system and the electrical energy supply system in the country. The effects of COVID-19 in economic activities and in some key social dynamics cause disorganization in these and other sectors, in levels rarely seen, and in doing so provide evidence of how they are entangled. The concept of disentanglement is proposed, as a development of the widely employed concept of entanglement in the social sciences.
This article develops a sustainable electricity supply chain mathematical model that assumes linear price-dependent customer demands where the price is a decision variable under setup cost and carbon ...emission. The sustainable electrical supply chain system contained: (a) power generation; (b) transmission substations; (c) distribution substations; and (d) customer. The production rates depend on the demand rate, and demand for electricity by the customers is dependent on the price of electricity where the electrical energy was generated and transmitted through multiple substations to customers. Moreover, we considered that the capacities of transmission rates, power generation, and distances in between two stations are associated with the distribution costs and transmission cost. Here, we used the theory of inventory to develop a new model and suggested a procedure to deduce an optimal solution for this model. Finally, a numerical example and sensitivity analysis are employed to illustrate the present study and with managerial insights.
An industrial microgrid can be an effective way to introduce a high percentage of renewable power in the electrical energy supply of an industrial park. An optimal sizing process can be employed in ...the design phase of such a newly developed hybrid power system to assure the power system's technical and economic efficiency. While optimal sizing algorithms have been developed for different types of hybrid power systems, these often treat stand-alone systems and do not consider the socio-organisational drivers for inter-firm energy supply facilities. Here, a techno-economic optimisation is carried out using a genetic algorithm to determine the optimal system configuration of a grid-connected power system. The current development of the project Eiland Zwijnaarde in Ghent provides the basis for a concrete case study. The main results suggest that the optimal configuration consists of a significant share of renewable sources. A cogeneration unit can compensate the renewables’ intermittent behaviour and lower the thermal energy cost. Large-scale electrical storage is found not to be profitable under the used control structure. A gradual ingress of firms in the park and the subsequent sloped annual energy demand have a negative effect on the power system's fraction of shared facilities.
In order to identify the optimal structure of an electricity power network under the main assumption of a price dependent demand of electrical energy, we presented an optimization model that aims at ...analyzing the effect of price-dependent demand on the sustainable electrical supply chain system (SESCS). The system included a power generation system, transmission and distribution substations, and many customers. The electrical energy was generated and transmitted through multiple substations to our customers, and the demand for electricity by the customers is dependent on the price of electricity. In the study, we considered the transmission and the distribution costs which depend on the capacities of power generation, transmission rates and distances between stations. We utilized the inventory theory to develop our model and proposed a procedure to derive an optimal solution for this problem. Finally, numerical examples and sensitivity analysis are provided to illustrate our study and consolidate managerial insights.
In the present day, there is an enormous demand in the supply of energy to all users. Since the voltage stability for the distribution system is not steady under any circumstances, therefore, to ...solve the problem of voltage instability the entire distribution system must simplified properly. Thus, some active support is provided for balancing the demand for electrical energy supply. Hence, the problem of voltage instability has been solved by considering phasor measuring units (PMUs) using antlion optimisation proposed in this study. The cost of PMU has been analysed along with other factors such as observability for effectively placing the PMUs with the identification of the weakest node. The problem is solved by using a non-linear model and the effectiveness of the proposed approach is tested using IEEE-15, IEEE-33, IEEE-69 Radial Distribution Systems and Croatia distribution grid. The result shows that the suggested algorithm is more effective in getting the optimal PMU placements considering multi-objective. Hence, the maiden state estimation values for distribution topologies are used.
This paper evaluates the change in metabolic energy required to maintain the signalling activity of neurons in the presence of an external electric field. We have analysed the Hodgkin–Huxley type ...conductance based fast spiking neuron model as electrical circuit by changing the frequency and amplitude of the applied electric field. The study has shown that, the presence of electric field increases the membrane potential, electrical energy supply and metabolic energy consumption. As the amplitude of applied electric field increases by keeping a constant frequency, the membrane potential increases and consequently the electrical energy supply and metabolic energy consumption increases. On increasing the frequency of the applied field, the peak value of membrane potential after depolarization gradually decreases as a result electrical energy supply decreases which results in a lower rate of hydrolysis of ATP molecules.
Global trends in the development and use of electricity utilities and assets are practically irreversible. In industrialized nations, capacity factors have grown so large that users may expect freely ...available electrical potential energy at all times and in almost all locations. Economically capitalizing on this trend means maximizing energy provision and use to boost gross domestic product growth rates. Electricity is now a basic indicator of social development; it is to the cultural-technological dimension what breathing air is to the physiological-biological dimension, the implication being that sustainable development of provision systems has become a matter of international concern.
This article presents a decision basis for the design of sustainable national electrical energy supply systems, incorporating country-specific boundary conditions in the form of user requirements to be specified by users. The basis is a solution space of technologically possible systems, obtained by combining generalized user requirements and physical limitations to generate the solution states. As all technological options for the system are brought under consideration, this approach represents a comprehensive comparative analysis.
The decision process ensues by assigning to each solution state a set of (newly defined) system risk factors. Particular consideration is given to evaluating the system’s ability to meet the user requirements, i.e., interruption-free provision. The central benchmark is the technological-economic availability. From this is obtained a sustainability boundary, the boundary between quantifiable and unquantifiable economic loss potentials.
This article deliberately avoids referencing specific technological solutions, with the justification that the basis of the user’s decision should be independent of technological considerations. The sole exception is a reference to the currently used technology, which forms the starting point.
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