Modernization in the area of smart energy equipment, are forming the perception of an interlinked energy network in subsequent times. This energy network is contemplated to govern real-time energy ...consumption and optimization in the future. Traversing a prolonged period of development, the energy industry has reached the landmark of Virtual Power Plant (VPP) and still going onward to this newfangled energy network, also can be called the next generation VPP. This paper demonstrates the challenges and opportunities in executing the transpiring aspects of the next generation VPP. Based on essential components and requisites, detailed descriptions are depicted from different technological viewpoints such as electrical and communication, computing technologies, energy management, economic profit, geographical factors, and adoption of emerging technologies. We also present the recent updates of existing VPP projects. Finally, considerations towards implementing the next generation VPP are marked out, along with necessary frameworks, regulations, and policies. This paper can provide prudent support for researchers and practitioners in the field of VPP.
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•Review of development aspects in virtual power plants (VPP).•Critical requirements and necessary components for VPPs are presented.•Emerging technologies that can be integrated with next generation VPP are discussed.•Challenges and opportunities in the road of developing the next generation VPP are characterized.•Next generation VPP’s framework, policies, and regulations are outlined.
In this paper we are discussing the QSPR analysis of certain theocratic graphic matrices and their corresponding energy. Our study reveals some important results that help define the useful ...mathematical parameter based on their power of predicting. Our analysis shows some significant findings that aid in characterizing the valuable Mathematical Parameter based on their predictive energy.
We present the results on the radius of the neutron distribution in 40Ar , on the low-energy value of the weak mixing angle, and on the electromagnetic properties of neutrinos obtained from the ...analysis of the coherent neutrino-nucleus elastic scattering data in argon recently published by the COHERENT Collaboration, taking into account proper radiative corrections. We present also the results of the combined analysis of the COHERENT argon and cesium-iodide data for the determination of the low-energy value of the weak mixing angle and the electromagnetic properties of neutrinos. In particular, the COHERENT argon data allow us to improve significantly the only existing laboratory bounds on the electric charge qμμ of the muon neutrino and on the transition electric charge qμτ.
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of crossbreeding on meat production traits of sheep. Purebred (Volgograd breed, n = 30) and crossbred (F3, Volgograd x ¼ North Caucasian breed, n=30) ...sheep were fed for 60 days from the age of 8 months. The diet was the same for both groups and included: a dry fodder of mixed herbs, green-cut fodder, stock feed of barley, and salt. The initial liveweight for purebred sheep was 42.39±0.38 kg and for crossbred sheep was 44.41±0.47 kg (P < 0.01). The final liveweight for purebred sheep was 50.10±0.43 kg. Crossbred sheep were heavier at 52.40±0.36 kg (P < 0.001). The weight of carcasses was greater for crossbred sheep at 22.87±0.53 kg (P < 0.05) and 20.67±0.76 kg for purebred sheep. Compared with purebred sheep, crossbred sheep had a lower amount of internal fat (0.92±0.27 kg vs. 1.18±0.35 kg). The weight of meat from purebred sheep was less than crossbred sheep (16.12±0.63 kg vs. 18.28±0.43 kg, P < 0.05) while the weight of bone was almost the same (4.55 vs. 4.59 kg). Consequently, the ratio of meat/bone was 5.54 vs. 3.98. The food energy value for the meat of purebred sheep was greater at 259.36±16.78 kcal than the meat of crossbred sheep at 233.85±11.10 kcal. Total moisture in the meat of purebred sheep was lower (60.11±0.67 vs. 63.05±0.65, P < 0.05), total protein was a little higher (17.71±0.77 vs. 17.63±0.24), and lipids were higher (20.73±0.73 vs. 17.89±0.82, P < 0.05) than in the meat of crossbred sheep. The meat of purebred sheep had a lower concentration of non-replaceable amino acid (12.47 g) compared with meat of crossbred sheep (17.20 g), and a lower concentration of replaceable amino acid (23.08 g vs. 26.84 g). The results of this study can be used to improve meat production and meat quality.
The effects of substituting pork lean meat with Lentinula edodes (LE) on the physicochemical properties, amino acid content, cooking loss, texture, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, ...microstructure, microbiological analysis, and sensory characteristics of sausages were evaluated. Five formulations were used in the production of sausages: the control (the pork lean meat formulation) and the four different samples in which LE substituted 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of pork lean meat. The results showed that LE improved the moisture, total dietary fiber, methionine, glutamic, cysteine, and total phenolic content; cooking loss; and antioxidant activity of the sausage. By contrast, LE reduced the levels of protein, ash, pH, as well as the energy level and texture of the sausage. No difference was observed between the treatments for fat content, water activity and microorganisms of sausages. In addition, LE led to slight darkening of the sausages. From the sensory point of view, all modified sausages were considered acceptable, and the pork lean meat with 25% substitution by LE exhibited best sensory characteristics. In a word, LE is a promising ingredient to partially replace the lean meat in sausages.
•Lentinula edodes (LE) as a kind of pork lean meat replacer was used in sausage production.•LE improved the moisture, total dietary fiber, methionine, glutamic and cysteine content of the sausage.•The substitution of pork lean meat by LE reduced the energy value of the sausage.•LE enhanced total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the sausage.
To address the increasing demand of efficient photovoltaic compounds for modern hi-tech applications, efforts have been made herein to design and explore triazatruxene-based novel donor materials ...with greater efficiencies. Five new molecules, namely M1-M5, were designed by structural modification of acceptor moiety (rhodanine-3-acetic acid) of well known experimentally synthesized JY05 dye (reference R), and their optoelectronic properties are evaluated to be used as donor molecules in organic solar cells. In these molecules M1-M5, triazatruxene acts as a donor unit and benzene spaced different end-capped moieties including 2-(4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-thioxothiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid (A1), (
)-2-(4-(1-cyano-2-methoxy-2-oxoethylidene)-2-thioxothiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid (A2), (
)-2-(3'-ethyl-4'-oxo-2,2'-dithioxo-3',4'-dihydro-2'
,5
-4,5'-bithiazolylidene-3(2
)-yl)acetic acid (A3), (
)-2-(4'-(dicyano-methylene)-3'-ethyl-2,2'-dithioxo-3',4'-dihydro-2'
,5
-4,5'-bithiazol-ylidene-3(2
)-yl)acetic acid (A4) and 2-((4
,4'
)-4'-(1-cyano-2-methoxy-2-oxoethylidene)-3'-ethyl-2,2'-dithioxo-3',4'-dihydro-2'
,5
-4,5'-bithiazolylidene-3(2
)-yl)acetic acid (A5) respectively, as acceptor units. The electronic, photophysical and photovoltaic properties of the designed molecules M1-M5 have been compared with reference molecule R. All designed molecules exhibit reduced energy gap in the region of 1.464-2.008 eV as compared to reference molecule (2.509 eV). Frontier molecular orbital (FMO) surfaces confirm the transfer of charge from donor to acceptor units. All designed molecules M1-M5 exhibited an absorption spectrum in the visible region and they were broader as compared to that of reference R. Especially, M5 with highest
value 649.26 nm and lowest transition energy value 1.90 eV was accredited to the strong electron withdrawing end-capped acceptor moiety A5. The highest value of open circuit voltage (
) 1.02 eV with respect to HOMO
-LUMO
was shown by M5 among all investigated molecules which was 0.15 V larger than reference molecule R. The designed molecule M5 is proven to be the best candidate for both electron and hole transport mobilities due to its smallest
(0.0212 eV) and
(0.0062 eV) values among all studied molecules.
The role of grain size and strain rate on the corrosion behavior of plastically-deformed Ti-stabilized austenitic stainless steel (AISI 321) in saline media was investigated. The as-received ...coarse-grained alloy (CG: ~37 µm) was subjected to thermomechanical processing to develop fine (FG: ~3 µm) and ultrafine (UFG: ~0.24 µm) grained structures. These samples were deformed under high (dynamic) and low (quasi-static) strain-rate conditions to a similar true strain of ~0.86. Microstructural analyses on specimens after deformation prior to corrosion study suggests a shift from the estimated stacking fault energy value of the steel. Electrochemical tests confirm the highest corrosion resistance for UFG specimens due to the formation of the most stable adsorbed passive film. This is followed by FG and CG specimens in that order. For the three grain sizes, the corrosion resistance of specimen deformed under quasi-static loading condition is higher than that subjected to dynamic impact loading while the corrosion resistance of undeformed samples is the least. This work also confirms the non-detrimental effect of TiCs in AISI 321 austenitic stainless steel on its corrosion resistance. However, TiNs were observed to be detrimental by promoting pitting corrosion due to galvanic coupling of TiNs with their surrounding continuous phase. The mechanism of pitting in AISI 321 in chloride solution is proposed.
•Ten willows were evaluated as a source of bioactive compounds and bioenergy feedstock.•The highest salicylates concentration was in Salix purpurea × S. daphnoides bark.•The highest quercetin ...concentration was found in Salix americana bark.•The salicin yield was found several times higher than salicylic acid yield.•The wood energy value was the highest for Salix purpurea × S. daphnoides.
Willow (Salix) is one of the available sources of renewable raw materials, which can be used in various branches of the medical, chemical and energy industry. However, its biomass should be used primarily for the production of high added-value substances. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the production potential of biomass (bark and wood), bioactive substance concentration and energy features of 10 willow genotypes cultivated in annual cycles. Our research found that the highest total biomass yield (13 Mg ha−1 y−1 d.m.) was obtained from the S. purpurea × S. daphnoides UWM 029 hybrid but the highest bark yield from S. americana UWM 094 (3.9 Mg ha−1 y−1 d.m.). The significantly highest salicin concentration was found in the bark of S. purpurea × S. daphnoides (approx. 29 mg g−1); the salicylic acid level was about ten times lower. The potential bioactive substance yield was affected by the bark yield per hectare. The highest salicin yield (over 92 kg ha−1) was obtained from both S. purpurea × S. daphnoides hybrids. The highest yield energy value of wood (191 GJ ha−1 y−1) was found for S. purpurea × S. daphnoides UWM 029. In conclusion two interspecies hybrids of S. purpurea × S. daphnoides UWM 029 and UWM 193 were found to be the most promising in terms of the analysed features. However, a full assessment of the practical use of the hybrids requires further research into the economic and environmental effects of willow cultivation and bioactive substances production.
Lignin valorization is essential for biorefineries to produce fuels and chemicals for a sustainable future. Today's biorefineries pursue profitable value propositions for cellulose and hemicellulose; ...however, lignin is typically used mainly for its thermal energy value. To enhance the profit potential for biorefineries, lignin valorization would be a necessary practice. Lignin valorization is greatly advantaged when biomass carbon is retained in the fuel and chemical products and when energy quality is enhanced by electrochemical upgrading. Though lignin upgrading and valorization are very desirable in principle, many barriers involved in lignin pretreatment, extraction, and depolymerization must be overcome to unlock its full potential. This Review addresses the electrochemical transformation of various lignins with the aim of gaining a better understanding of many of the barriers that currently exist in such technologies. These studies give insight into electrochemical lignin depolymerization and upgrading to value‐added commodities with the end goal of achieving a global low‐carbon circular economy.
Electrons to Molecules: Rather than lignin's use as a source of low‐value heat and power, electrocatalysis provides the means for valorizing lignin and its aromatics to higher‐value fuels and chemicals. Electrochemical methods provide tunable selectivity via the control of electrical potential while eliminating the need for oxidizing/reducing reagents and allow for the direct integration of renewable energy to facilitate chemical transformations.
Four experiments were conducted to determine the effects of increasing soybean meal (SBM) in diets with or without 25% DDGS on growth performance of nursery pigs. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 ...factorial with main effects of SBM (27.5, 32.5, or 37.5%) and DDGS (0 or 25%). A total of 296, 2,502, 4,118, and 711 pigs, initially 10.6, 11.7, 12.5, and 12.3 kg, were used and there were 10, 16, 13, and 12 replicates per treatment in Exp. 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Experimental diets were fed for 21 d. Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI, G:F, and caloric efficiency (CE). Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with block as random effect and treatment as fixed effect. The average cull rate was 0.7, 0.5, 0.2, and 0% and the mortality rate was 0.7, 0.3, 0.4, and 0% in Exp. 1 to 4, respectively. There were interactions (P ≤ 0.039) between SBM and DDGS for G:F and CE in Exp. 2 and for ADG and ADFI in Exp. 3. These were mostly driven by increasing SBM negatively affecting performance in a greater magnitude when diets contained DDGS compared to diets without DDGS. The main effects of DDGS and SBM were more consistent across experiments. Pigs fed diets with 25% DDGS had decreased (P ≤ 0.001) ADG and ADFI in all experiments as well as poorer (P ≤ 0.028) G:F and CE except for Exp. 3. Feeding increasing amounts of SBM generally did not result in any major impact in ADG, but consistently improved (linear, P ≤ 0.078) G:F and CE across experiments. The mechanism for this response is unclear but could be driven by intrinsic components of SBM or underestimating the energy value of SBM.
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