Recent decades have drawn more attention to the United States'
treatment of Japanese Americans during World War II. Few people
realize, however, the extent of the country's relocation,
internment, ...and repatriation of German and Italian Americans, who
were interned in greater numbers than Japanese Americans. The
United States also assisted other countries, especially in Latin
America, in expelling "dangerous" aliens, primarily Germans. In
Enemies among Us John E. Schmitz examines the causes,
conditions, and consequences of America's selective relocation and
internment of its own citizens and enemy aliens, as well as the
effects of internment on those who experienced it. Looking at
German, Italian, and Japanese Americans, Schmitz analyzes the
similarities in the U.S. government's procedures for those they
perceived to be domestic and hemispheric threats, revealing the
consistencies in the government's treatment of these groups,
regardless of race. Reframing wartime relocation and internment
through a broader chronological perspective and considering
policies in the wider Western Hemisphere, Enemies among Us
provides new conclusions as to why the United States relocated,
interned, and repatriated both aliens and citizens considered
enemies.
In order to improve the efficiency of emergency evacuation of subway passengers, the concept of ‘guide partition’ is put forward, and an intelligent algorithm of guide partition for emergency ...evacuation of subway stations is proposed according to the theory of allocation problem in operational research. First an evacuation partition optimization algorithm based on the shortest path principle and based on exit capacity for non-standard allocation problem is proposed, according to the solution of service facility allocation and site selection problem in operational research. Secondly, the passengers evacuation area is divided to partitioned evacuation zones. Combined with the advantages of cellular automata model, the evacuation simulation software of Building Exodus is used for simulation and comparison of the advantages of the proposed intelligent algorithm. Finally, the evacuation partition intelligent algorithm considering the exit capacity is applied to the Military Museum Station of Beijing subway to obtain the numbers and distribution of guiders on each floor. The results show that the proposed algorithm can help the subway station staff to better determine the number, location and influence range of each guider, and effectively improve the utilization rate of evacuation exits, reduce evacuation time and improve evacuation efficiency..
Emergency evacuation in case of an emergency is a crucial problem in high-rise buildings, as many occupants are in a limited amount of space. To improve building safety design and evacuation ...strategies, it is essential to understand how individuals behave during an evacuation in high-rise buildings. This paper surveys the recently available literature on evacuation in high-rise buildings with the following objectives: (1) to review the high-rise building evacuation experiment methods; (2) to review the wayfinding and impact factors in horizontal evacuation; and (3) to review the individual and crowd behaviors in vertical evacuation. The review highlights the application of the virtual reality technology in evacuation experiments and the two-side effect of the group behavior in high-rise buildings. Future research should focus on quantitative pre-evacuation behavior study, the elevator’s assistant function, and the impact of group relations on evacuation. As the height of high-rise buildings continues to increase, individual characteristics, such as mobility issues and fatigue, warrant further study.
•Review the individual and crowd behavior in high-rise building.•Make an integration of experiment methods about evacuation in high-rise building.•Discuss the horizontal evacuation. Mainly from the two following aspects: the wayfinding and impact factors.•Discuss the vertical evacuation. Mainly contains the behavior in stairs, in elevators, on refuge floor, in group and others.•Discuss the challenges of high-rise buildings evacuation.
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•Interventional/optimisation approaches in crowd evacuation planning are systematically reviewed.•Three general methods are differentiated and contrasted: mathematical, architectural ...and behavioural.•The literature was found to be dominated by the architectural intervention solutions, amid contradictory findings.•Potential benefits of behavioural interventions have not been fully explored, warrenting further attention.•More research needed to establish possible dimensions of behavioural intervention and their effectiveness.
This work is a systematic review of optimisation methods for pedestrian evacuations. The focus is on interventional approaches that seek to improve evacuation efficiency rather than efforts to purely describe/predict evacuations. Three major evacuation optimisation approaches are identified: (a) architectural design and infrastructure adjustment, (b) mathematical programming and optimisation of path/departure-schedule planning, (c) behavioural modification, training and active instructions. The reviewed literature is dominated by architectural solutions, while the evidence on their effectiveness is largely mixed and inconclusive. They also pose practical challenges: major design interventions in previously-built infrastructure may not always be readily feasible. Furthermore, the effectiveness of architectural solutions is often suggested to be geometry/context dependant rather than universal. Complex path/schedule optimisation solutions also pose their own implementation and enforcement challenges. They often require that an entire crowd be controlled and directed by a central body. They also do not address microscopic aspects of individual behaviour. The behavioural modification method used to be the least studied approach until recently, but it is gaining increasing traction as a promising method in terms of both effectiveness and practicality. Its underexplored potential constitutes a major knowledge gap in evacuation dynamics literature. The first important step to address this gap is to (i) identify possible and most effective areas of behavioural intervention; and (ii) employ reliable experimental or numerical methods to discover optimum strategies, and (iii) determine how behavioural interventions can be effectively conveyed to people. Establishing the relative effectiveness of the three optimisation approaches also constitutes another important question to be explored.
During ship emergencies, a reliable and efficient evacuation system is able to guide passengers to the appropriate muster stations as quickly as possible. The majority of the existing indoor ...evacuation systems provide emergency guidance for people trapped in general buildings. However, those systems fail to consider the unique challenges of ship passenger evacuation, such as the effect of ship motion on pedestrian motion and the feedback of pedestrian motion on ship inclination state. Consequently, evacuation guidance provided by these schemes may not always be optimal or may even make the evacuation worse due to the differences in the critical factors influencing emergency guiding between land-based buildings and passenger ships. This paper presents a systematic literature overview of recent advances in building evacuation, followed by a description of the challenges unique to evacuating passengers on vessels. Furthermore, the existing ship evacuation research is reviewed from three aspects, i.e., passenger behavior study, ship evacuation optimization, and evaluation of evacuation on passenger ships. A discussion of land-based evacuation schemes and prospects for ship evacuation is also presented.
•An overview of recent advances in building evacuation is presented and the challenges of evacuating passengers on vessels are summarized.•The ship evacuation research is reviewed from three aspects, i.e., evacuation behavior study, evacuation optimization, and evacuation evaluation.•Comments on land-based evacuation schemes and prospects in the area of ship evacuation are discussed.
Improving evacuation efficiency is a central concern in evacuation simulation research. Incorrect feedback information can affect the effectiveness of evacuation control in partially observable ...evacuation. In this paper, we introduce a framework for evacuation guidance control, emphasizing data prediction and correction to mitigate the impact of abnormal observed data. The framework is built upon force-driven Cellular Automaton (CA) models and employs a data correction module to rectify abnormal information. Guided by this framework, we implement the data correction module’s functionality using Back Propagation (BP) neural networks. We utilize historical simulation data to train the BP network, obtaining a model for correcting abnormal data. Additionally, we integrate the data correction model with density control algorithms to facilitate pedestrian flow management in abnormal evacuation scenarios. Subsequently, we conduct two comparative simulation experiments to verify the algorithm’s effectiveness. One experiment utilizes an abnormal data replacement method, while the other employs a data correction method. The results show that the method of abnormal data replacement is simple, but it cannot improve the control efficiency in abnormal evacuation scenarios. The data correction method proposed in this paper can effectively improve evacuation efficiency and alleviate the congestion at exits caused by abnormal data, which reduces evacuation efficiency. The results are expected to provide insights into improving evacuation systems’ efficiency and personnel safety.
•A framework for evacuation guidance control with data prediction and correction•Integration of force-driven CA models and BP neural networks to rectify abnormal observed data•Validation of the proposed algorithm through comparative simulation experiments
•CellEVAC: adaptive cell-based colored indications to guide evacuees.•Behavioral model optimization to implement evacuation systems.•AnyLogic and Matlab simulation–optimization framework, a ...cutting-edge solution.•Pedestrian Fundamental diagrams to the rescue of safe evacuations.•Imitation behavior, a trustworthy ally of CellEVAC.
A critical aspect of crowds’ evacuation processes is the dynamism of individual decision making. Identifying optimal strategies at an individual level may improve both evacuation time and safety, which is essential for developing efficient evacuation systems. Here, we investigate how to favor a coordinated group dynamic through optimal exit-choice instructions using behavioral strategy optimization. We propose and evaluate an adaptive guidance system (Cell-based Crowd Evacuation, CellEVAC) that dynamically allocates colors to cells in a cell-based pedestrian positioning infrastructure, to provide efficient exit-choice indications. The operational module of CellEVAC implements an optimized discrete-choice model that integrates the influential factors that would make evacuees adapt their exit choice. To optimize the model, we used a simulation–optimization modeling framework that integrates microscopic pedestrian simulation based on the classical Social Force Model. In the majority of studies, the objective has been to optimize evacuation time. In contrast, we paid particular attention to safety by using Pedestrian Fundamental Diagrams that model the dynamics of the exit gates. CellEVAC has been tested in a simulated real scenario (Madrid Arena) under different external pedestrian flow patterns that simulate complex pedestrian interactions. Results showed that CellEVAC outperforms evacuation processes in which the system is not used, with an exponential improvement as interactions become complex. We compared our system with an existing approach based on Cartesian Genetic Programming. Our system exhibited a better overall performance in terms of safety, evacuation time, and the number of revisions of exit-choice decisions. Further analyses also revealed that Cartesian Genetic Programming generates less natural pedestrian reactions and movements than CellEVAC. The fact that the decision logic module is built upon a behavioral model seems to favor a more natural and effective response. We also found that our proposal has a positive influence on evacuations even for a low compliance rate (40%).
During a fire evacuation, long lateral evacuation distances, large crowds waiting for evacuation at the same level, and easily panicked populations are common. This research aimed to look into the ...large-scale evacuation behavior of urban underground complexes with limited evacuation and egress during a fire. A simplified model for large-scale group evacuation of urban subsurface complexes was constructed using system dynamics theory. The Vensim software was used for quantitative simulation. The model could represent the typical phenomenon of group evacuation behaviors, such as quick or slow, under seven operating situations with total initial numbers of 350, 400, 450, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000. The results of an analysis of critical affecting factors show “total initial number” and “panic state” during a large-scale group evacuation: a large beginning population will result in a rapid reduction in system evacuation capability, delaying the completion of the evacuation process significantly; meanwhile, if the level of panic is deficient, the system’s evacuation efficiency will remain low for an extended period, making it difficult to evacuate trapped persons promptly. According to the findings, the developed system dynamics model, which combines the advantages of a continuous model with the advantages of a discrete model, is very accurate. At the same time, we should emphasize the importance of the evacuation guide and reinforce the fire education and behavior drills for the building’s workers. This research presents a simplified model for the evacuation of large groups of people from metropolitan underground complexes. Furthermore, the findings may give theoretical support for the development of rules and safety management practices.
The International Organization for Standardization evacuation alarm (ISO 8201: 2017) is ineffective in initiating evacuation, particularly when people are engaged in pre‐evacuation activities, and it ...is not easy to conduct experiments for evaluating evacuation behavior due to ethical and cost issues. A virtual building emergency where alarms went off while participants were performing activities was created to study the effect of redundancy on evacuation effectiveness. Three alarms were studied: (i) a regular nonverbal ISO alarm, (ii) a speech‐inserted ISO alarm, and (iii) a technology‐based ISO alarm concept (sound, visual, and haptic information). Evacuation behavior, perceived urgency, and delay time were measured. Results confirmed the effect of redundancy on measurements, and participants complied better with the speech‐inserted and technology‐based alarms, but there were no differences in evacuation effectiveness between them. Participants perceived higher urgency from the technology‐based solution, which can be more adaptive in complicated environments where background noise and language/education barriers are problems. Otherwise, the speech‐inserted alarm is more cost‐effective.
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•Experimenting evacuation behaviour of crowds under different levels of simulated urgency.•Individual-level data collection for reaction time, exit choice and exit choice ...adaptation.•Macro-scale analyses on density distribution, speed distribution and evacuation time.•High-urgency evacuations were much denser at bottlenecks, but still faster.•The way people adjusted their response under high urgency was ‘not’ to the detriment of the system.
How does evacuation behaviour of crowds vary based on the level of perceived urgency? This question was investigated using two simulated experiments of crowd evacuations, collectively exploring three important aspects of evacuees’ decision-making: reaction time, exit choice and exit-choice adaptation. The analysis of reaction time observations identified a range of factors that determine the delay between the evacuation onset and decisive movement of occupants towards exits. Occupant reactions were on average slower when they were under the low-urgency treatment, when exit capacities were more restrictive and when the individual was located relatively far from the exit locations. Exit-choice observations showed that people’s behaviour fitted a multi-attribute trade-off that reflected the joint role of peer influence, choosing nearest exits and choosing visible exits. The shape of this trade-off remained, to large degrees, similar regardless of the urgency level. Observations of exit-choice adaptation showed that evacuees were two times more likely to change their exit choices when the simulated urgency level was higher. Further analysis revealed the joint effect of the queue-size imbalance at exits, exit visibility and peer influence on decision adaptation. The modelling outputs strikingly showed that evacuees exhibited notable follow-the-neighbour tendencies in their decision changing, whereas, they displayed the opposite tendency when making exit choices. The macro-scale analyses showed that the higher-urgency treatment triggered a more instant and faster rush to exits. This resulted in the formation of denser crowds at bottlenecks, but never prolonged the evacuation time. Evacuation times remained invariably shorter in high-urgency scenarios.
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