The task of choice a heating installation on environmentally friendly fuel and optimum for the price for a country house of the North Western region of 200 sq m was set in article. The thermal pump ...and the pellet boiler were considered for this purpose. Both devices possess a number of rather similar advantages, which are durability more than 20 years, possibility of installation in a house, environmentally friendly fuel, etc. In conclusion, the authors decided that, it is more favorable and for climatic reasons and according to starting and operational expenses to prefer to the thermal pump a pellet copper.
Abstract This report describes the public health impact of Alzheimer's disease, including incidence and prevalence, mortality rates, costs of care, and the overall impact on caregivers and society. ...It also examines in detail the financial impact of Alzheimer's on families, including annual costs to families and the difficult decisions families must often make to pay those costs. An estimated 5.4 million Americans have Alzheimer's disease. By mid-century, the number of people living with Alzheimer's disease in the United States is projected to grow to 13.8 million, fueled in large part by the aging baby boom generation. Today, someone in the country develops Alzheimer's disease every 66 seconds. By 2050, one new case of Alzheimer's is expected to develop every 33 seconds, resulting in nearly 1 million new cases per year. In 2013, official death certificates recorded 84,767 deaths from Alzheimer's disease, making it the sixth leading cause of death in the United States and the fifth leading cause of death in Americans age ≥65 years. Between 2000 and 2013, deaths resulting from stroke, heart disease, and prostate cancer decreased 23%, 14%, and 11%, respectively, whereas deaths from Alzheimer's disease increased 71%. The actual number of deaths to which Alzheimer's disease contributes is likely much larger than the number of deaths from Alzheimer's disease recorded on death certificates. In 2016, an estimated 700,000 Americans age ≥65 years will die with Alzheimer's disease, and many of them will die because of the complications caused by Alzheimer's disease. In 2015, more than 15 million family members and other unpaid caregivers provided an estimated 18.1 billion hours of care to people with Alzheimer's and other dementias, a contribution valued at more than $221 billion. Average per-person Medicare payments for services to beneficiaries age ≥65 years with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias are more than two and a half times as great as payments for all beneficiaries without these conditions, and Medicaid payments are 19 times as great. Total payments in 2016 for health care, long-term care and hospice services for people age ≥65 years with dementia are estimated to be $236 billion. The costs of Alzheimer's care may place a substantial financial burden on families, who often have to take money out of their retirement savings, cut back on buying food, and reduce their own trips to the doctor. In addition, many family members incorrectly believe that Medicare pays for nursing home care and other types of long-term care. Such findings highlight the need for solutions to prevent dementia-related costs from jeopardizing the health and financial security of the families of people with Alzheimer's and other dementias.
Over the past 20 years, per-student spending on compulsory education in Switzerland has risen by 52 percent in real terms. However, per-pupil expenditures vary significantly across cantons. The ...question quickly arises whether “more is always better”. Switzerland lends itself to this analysis because spending authority lies with the cantons and thus provides a good setting for a within-country analysis. We use a new comprehensive dataset to measure educational quality and mobility at the individual level. Our analysis shows that higher cantonal spending does not increase educational quality or mobility. The allocation of education spending seems to be more important than its mere amount. For example, our study suggests a better linguistic integration of foreign-speaking students.
•Per-student spending on compulsory education increased in many countries.•We conduct a within-country analysis in Switzerland to assess quality effects.•The comprehensive dataset measures quality and mobility at the individual level.•Higher cantonal spending has no effect on educational quality or mobility.•Our study suggests a better linguistic integration of foreign-speaking students.
Many studies use variables from the Compustat database to measure various marketing constructs, yet no clear guidelines detail which metrics correspond with which constructs. Justifications rest ...mainly on the ready availability of easy-to-use measures that seem related to a particular construct. As a result, various metrics have been utilized to capture the same construct, and the same metric—such as selling, general, and administrative expenses (SGA)—has been applied to capture vastly different constructs. But using SGA inappropriately can lead to biased estimates, questionable support for the hypotheses, and potentially misleading implications for research and practice. To test the validity of SGA for multiple relevant marketing and sales constructs, this study gathers data on benchmark variables from alternative data sources and applies a multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) approach. Results show that, in general, SGA has been applied too liberally in marketing contexts; SGA is an appropriate operationalization only for some constructs. This article provides guidelines for the proper conceptualization and operationalization of marketing constructs.
Is outside-in networking less influential than inside-out R&D on firm performance? Over the past three decades, the inside-out perspective stands at the core of the marketing literature, whereas ...there is a subconscious bias toward the outside-in perspective. Building on the outside-in and inside-out perspectives of the firm, this study answers the question of whether outside-in networking is indeed less effective than inside-out R&D for enhancing firm performance. The empirical findings based on multiple archival data sources collected on firms operating in China indicate that the effects of networking expenses on firm performance are not weaker than those of R&D expenses. The findings also indicate that the effects of inside-out R&D and outside-in networking expenses are enhanced when firms operate in regions with stronger consumer protection whereas inside-out R&D expenses become less effective in a corrupt environment.
•The effects of networking expenses on firm performance are not weaker than those of R&D expenses.•The impacts of inside-out R&D and outside-in networking expenses are enhanced when consumer protection is stronger.•The inside-out R&D expenses become less effective in improving firm performance in a corrupt environment.•This study offers an integrative framework of the inside-out and outside-in views and specifies institutional boundaries.
•Both fire-suppressing approach and proactive approach are used to for window-dressing green image.•SMEs with higher branding expenses are more likely to choose the fire-suppressing ...approach.•Politically connected SMEs are more likely to take a proactive approach.•SMEs without political connections prefer to take a fire-suppressing approach.
In this study, we identify two typical donation strategies, i.e., the fire-suppressing approach and the proactive approach, for window-dressing environmental misconduct. For a sample of 2582 small Chinese companies, we find that pollution fines are positively associated with corporate charitable donations, implying that firms use charitable donations as a fire-suppressing method to address the negative impact of environmental misconduct. We also found a positive relationship between pollutant emissions and corporate charitable donations, which supports the hypothesis that firms use a proactive approach (i.e., more consistent charitable donations) to reduce the negative impact of environmental misconduct. The relationship between pollution fines and corporate charitable donations is positively moderated by advertising expenses, suggesting that small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) with higher branding expenses are more likely to take a fire-suppressing approach. Politically connected SMEs are more likely to take a proactive approach whereas SMEs without political connections are more likely to take a fire-suppressing approach.
The study was conducted to identify current effectiveness of funeral expenses (khairat kematian) management system in Muslim community. Findings from the survey could lead to the development of a ...system that can provide excellent services and effective solutions to the funeral expenses management system in the Muslim community. A concise description of the common issues that need to be addressed has been detailed out using Ishikawa Fishbone Diagram. A survey using Google Form was chosen as a method of data collection. 60 respondents comprising various ages and states in Malaysia were involved in the survey. Ishikawa Fishbone Analysis tool was used to identify the causes that contribute to ineffectiveness of the funeral expenses management system. The outcomes of the responses obtained from the survey were analyzed using SWOT Analysis. There were several strategies and action plans suggested at the end of this project paper. These studies and outcomes will trigger macro and micro impacts in context of more effective communication network through an integrated mobile application system. In a nutshell, the proposed e-khidmat system is expected to be an effective solution to the funeral expenses management system.
There are many actions a practice can take to improve its profitability but the management team must first know what the profitability of the practice actually is. Fortunately, there are multiple ...resources available to practice owners and managers to get this information. Understanding not only the profitability of the practice but the kinds of factors that lead to this state is critical. Until the practice has an idea of the root causes of the problem, it is difficult to determine what the correct solution is. Fortunately, there are also many resources available to help a practice change and improve.
Background
Little is documented regarding objective financial metrics and their impact on subjective financial toxicity in head and neck cancer (HNC) survivors.
Methods
In a cross‐sectional analysis, ...71 survivors with available claims data for HNC‐specific out‐of‐pocket expenses (OOPE) completed a survey including patient‐reported, subjective financial toxicity outcome tools: the Comprehensive Score for financial Toxicity (COST) and the Financial Distress Questionnaire (FDQ).
Results
Worse COST scores were significantly associated with lower earnings at survey administration (coefficient = 3.79; 95% CI 2.63–4.95; p < 0.001); loss of earnings after diagnosis (coefficient = 6.03; 95% CI 0.53–11.52; p = 0.032); and greater annual OOPE as a proportion of earnings log10(Annual OOPE:Earnings at survey): coefficient = −5.66; 95% CI −10.28 to −1.04; p = 0.017. Similar results were found with FDQ.
Conclusion
Financial toxicity is associated with particular socioeconomic characteristics which, if understood, would assist the development of pre‐treatment screening tools to detect at‐risk individuals and intervene early in the HNC cancer survivorship trajectory.
