Katolička crkva u Hrvatskoj financira se iz državnog proračuna temeljem međunarodnih ugovora koje je Republika Hrvatska potpisala sa Svetom Stolicom (tzv. Vatikanski ugovori), a druge vjerske ...zajednice na temelju Zakona o pravnom položaju vjerskih zajednica, ako su s Republikom Hrvatskom potpisale posebne ugovore o pitanjima od zajedničkog interesa. Osnovni cilj rada je na temelju deskriptivne i komparativne analize javno dostupnih podataka iz 2016. o isplatama iz državnog proračuna, provjeriti pretpostavku da Katolička crkva u Hrvatskoj, u odnosu na druge vjerske zajednice, nominalno, i u odnosu na broj vjernika, dobiva najviše sredstava. Analiza je pokazala da su, iako nominalno najviše sredstava dobije Katolička crkva u Hrvatskoj, po službeno objavljenom broju vjernika najviše sredstava dobile dvije židovske vjerske zajednice (1.792 kn na temelju ugovora o pitanjima od zajedničkog interesa, tj. 5.042 kn ako se pribroje i druga sredstva državnog proračuna), dok je Katolička crkva u Hrvatskoj na temelju Vatikanskih ugovora dobila 182 kn po vjerniku. U narednom bi razdoblju trebalo odgovoriti na otvorena pitanja u pogledu neujednačenosti pravnoga i financijskog statusa vjerskih zajednica, a, u cilju što veće transparentnosti, bilo bi i poželjno podatke o financiranju vjerskih zajednica iz državnog proračuna na godišnjoj razini javno objaviti na jednome mjestu.
Financing from the state budget of the Catholic Church in Croatia is arranged by the international treaties between the Republic of Croatia and the Holy See. Many other religious communities are also receiving funds from the state budget on the basis of the Law on the Legal Status of Religious Communities, if they signed special treaties on issues of mutual interest signed with the Republic of Croatia. In this paper we evaluate the widespread assumption that Catholic Church in Croatia receives more funds than other religious communities, both nominally and in terms of the membership. The analysis based on the descriptive and comparative analysis of publicly available data for 2016 confirmed that Catholic Church in Croatia is indeed entitled to the greatest share of available public funds. However, two Jewish religious communities jointly received most funds per member (HRK 1,792 based on the treaty or a total of HRK 5,042 per member if other funds from the state budget are added). When it comes to the Catholic Church, only the funds guaranteed by the treaties were paid from the state budget in 2016 (amounting for HRK 182 per member). In line with this, it is necessary to address the issue of unequal legal and financial treatment of religious communities in Croatia. In order to increase transparency, it would also be desirable to publish figures on funds given to all religious communities on a yearly basis.
AR-DRG system for classification hospital episodes was implemented in Serbia to improve efficiency and transparency in the health system.
L3H3, IQR, and 10th-95th percentile methods were used to ...identify outlier episodes in the classification. Classification efficiency and within-group homogeneity were measured by an adjusted reduction in variance (R2) and a coefficient of variation (CV).
There were 246,131 hospital episodes with a total 1,651,913 bed days from 14 hospitals. All episodes were classified into 652 groups of which 441 had CV lower than 100%. "Medical groups" accounted for 51% of groups and for 72% of episodes. Chemotherapy and vaginal delivery were the highest volume groups, with 5% and 4% of total episodes. Major diagnostic category 6 (MDC 6, Diseases of the digestive system) was the highest volume MDC, accounting for 11% of episodes. "Day-cases" and "prolonged hospitalisation" accounted for 21% and 3% of episodes, respectively. The average length of stay varied from 5.6 to 8.2 days. Adjusted R2 was 0.3 for untrimmed data. Trimming by L3H3, IQR, and 10th-95th percentile method improved the value of adjusted R2 to 0.61, 0.49, and 0.51, identifying 24%, 7%, and 7% of total cases as outliers, respectively. Mental diseases (MDC 19) remained the lowest adjusted R2 in untrimmed and trimmed datasets.
A long length of stay and a small percentage of "day-cases" characterized hospital activity in Vojvodina. Trimming methods significantly improved DRG efficiency. Future studies should consider cost data.
Koncesije otvaraju vrlo osjetljiva politička, ekonomska i pravna pitanja u mnogim
državama svijeta. Samo definiranje pojma koncesije često je komplicirana i
ne sasvim jasna zadaća. OECD je prihvatila ...definiciju koncesije kao: ’’davanje
prava privatnom trgovačkom društvu da može gospodarski upravljati određenom
infrastrukturnim uslugama i za to zarađivati naknadu. Koncesionar dobija u posjed
određene objekte (ali vlasništvo na tim objektima ostaje u rukama države) te
ih koristi u svrhu obavljanja određene djelatnosti ili usluge sukladno odredbama
ugovora’’.2
Hrvatsko pravo definira koncesije načelno kao pravo stečeno temeljem ugovora
o koncesiji, a sukladno uvjetima sadržanim u odluci o davanju koncesije (koju je
donijelo odgovarajuće upravno tijelo), a u odnosu na pomorsko dobro, specifično,
kao pravo državne vlasti da može dio pomorskog dobra, koje je inače dobro izvan
pravnog prometa (res extra commercium), isključiti iz opće uporabe bilo dijelom ili
u cijelosti, i dati ga fizičkoj ili pravnoj osobi na gospodarsko korištenje sukladno
određenim prostornim planovima. Građevine i drugi objekti izgrađeni na pomorskom
dobru čine njegov sastavni dio.
Zakonom je jasno određeno da nikakva stvarna prava nisu dopuštena na pomorskom
dobru, uključivo i na objektima izgrađenima na njemu.
Projekti na pomorskom dobru često uključuju velike infrastrukturne projekte,
razvoje luka i marina, koji iziskuju značajna financijska sredstva. Banke koje financiraju takve projekte zahtijevaju organiziran i transparentan
zakonski okvir koncesija, slobodu ugovaranja, pravnu zaštitu svih strana uključenih
u projekt (uključivo i mogućnost međunarodne arbitraže).
Takvi se projekti uobičajeno financiraju putem modela projektnih financiranja
koja zahtijevaju značajni ulog kapitala i uključuju veliki broj sudionika kao što
su banke, građevinske firme, investitori, upravitelji projekata, razni dostavljači i
izvršitelji raznih usluga, javni sektor, itd. Projektna finaciranja ovise u cijelosti o
prihodu kojeg ostvaruje sam projekt, a koji prihod je jedini izvor otplate kredita, te
o ‘’dostupnosti za banku prihvatljivih instrumenata osiguranja na bazi imovine i
prihoda koncesionara, uključivo i pravo ‘step-in’, te mogućnosti državnih jamstava
za uredno ispunjenje obveza preuzetih od strane davatelja koncesije’’.
Svrha instrumenata osiguranja (uključivo i cesije prava koncesionara iz raznih
projektnih ugovora) za ispunjenje koncesionarevih kreditnih obveza je da u
slučaju neispunjenja koncesijskih obveza banka može ‘’uskočiti’’ u projekt i preuzeti
kontrolu nad njime kako bi ga dovela do kraja (umjesto ovrhe instrumenata
osiguranja). Zbog toga su projektni ugovori, uključivo ugovor o koncesiji, na prvom
mjestu, od izuzetne važnosti za banku.
Uobičajeno je da instrumenti osiguranja ne imovini koncesionara ne uključuju
hipoteku na objektima projekta izgrađenima na pomorskom dobru. Hrvatsko
pravo ne dopušta zasnivanje hipoteke na pomorskom dobru. Međutim, to nije prepreka
bankama da financiraju projekte na pomorskom dobru. S aspekta projektnih
financiranja nije potrebno mijenjati zakon da bi se dopustilo osnivanja hipoteke na
pomorskom dobru. Drugi, naprijed navedeni instrumenti osiguranja osnovani u
korist banaka, uključivo i izravni ugovori, dovoljni su bankama da bi učinkovito
kontrolirale projekt k ojega financiraju.
A number of world-wide changes affect the energy sector; especially electric sector. The goals of modern states are changing due to the increasing desire of citizens to improve the quality of the ...environment, desire to achieve energy security and will to get a more honest price of energy, as well as preventing the consequences of climate change and mitigate their effects. Global progress towards achieving these goals is reflected in: increased investment efforts, the adoption of climate agreements through national policies and the development of various technologies (solar systems, wind power plants, electric vehicles, battery systems, smart grids, blockchain etc.). Although some actors have not yet recognized the potential of green development, an increasing number of citizens, organizations and energy companies are actively involved and linked through the energy transition. Green development is full of innovative process and it includes actors with different business background. In order for the energy transition to gain momentum, more and more organizations are involved in the alternative funding of green energy projects such as crowdfunding platforms. In addition, there is a visible shift in the capital raising of smaller energy companies that rent equipment from citizens for power plants or use other innovative business models to increase the share of renewable energy sources in their energy portfolio and involve citizens in process. Local authorities increasingly recognize and accept the need for more honest energy system by taking on an active role in combating climate change and energy transition. The development of new concepts of green development enables building of trust between energy companies and end users.
The OECD and the Directorate-General for Environment, the European Commission department responsible for EU policy on the environment, joined forces to examine current and future water-related ...financing challenges faced by EU member states. These include investments needed to comply with EU regulation for water supply, wastewater collection and treatment, and flood protection. As part of the research, new data was produced on current levels of expenditure for water supply, sanitation and flood protection, as well as on projected needs. It supported a comparison across member states and substantiated tailored policy discussions in selected countries and at European level. This report captures the rationale for the research, the main quantitative outcomes and the policy issues and recommendations that derived from this two-year co-operation. Lessons from Europe outlined in this report can inspire similar research and policy discussions in other parts of the world.
The aim of this paper is to explore financing of the social welfare homes for the elderly and infirm in Croatia. Apart from the legislative framework, the state expenditures for 1) operation of homes ...founded by the Republic of Croatia, 2) operation of decentralised homes (homes for which the founding rights were passed by the Republic of Croatia to the regional self-government units, i.e. the City of Zagreb and 3) homes users who are not able to pay for their accommodation, even with the help of their families or selling their own real property. The paper shows that the state expenditure for homes in 2014 amounted to almost 250 million HRK, with most of the expenditure covered the losses incurred by decentralised homes. The price of accommodation in these homes is below the market price, which results in demand that surpasses the supply by far. Apart from the price, the accommodation criteria which are currently unclear and uneven should be reconsidered. It is of crucial importance that those who do not have another solution get accommodation in state-owned homes, to reduce the waiting lists, and that the state participates in the payment of the price only for the most financially disadvantaged. The priority in financing homes should be an adjustment of revenue and expenditure on the annual level, in order to make the system long-term fiscally sustainable.
Početkom 2021. godine Ministarstvo kulture i medija Republike Hrvatske objavilo je Poziv za dodjelu bespovratnih financijskih sredstava iz Fonda solidarnosti Europske unije za provedbu mjera zaštite ...kulturne baštine oštećene u potresu 22. ožujka 2020. godine. Do 15. studenoga 2021. godine odobren je iznos od 3.548.393.904,64 kuna za ugovaranje 150 projektnih prijedloga, od čega je za 28 programa muzeja i galerija odobreno 756.845.135,59 kuna.
Austro-Ugarska Monarhija raspisala je od jeseni 1914. do ljeta 1918. osam ratnih zajmova kojima je financirala rat. Posebno su raspisivani austrijski i ugarski zajmovi. U Banskoj Hrvatskoj bilo je ...moguće uplatiti ugarske, ali i austrijske obveznice. U članku se donosi istraživanje uplaćivanja ratnih zajmova Monarhije na području Banske Hrvatske. Usporedbom i analizom relevantne literature, neobjavljenih i objavljenih izvora te onodobnih tiskovina istraženi su propagandni poticaji, ali i stvarnost, tj. uplate i isplativost uplaćivanja državnih ratnih obveznica.
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