Healthcare financing in Serbia has faced many challenges over the past few decades. One of the most severe challenges is a global macroeconomic recession whose far-reaching consequences deserve ...particular attention from policymakers in cases of the most demanding major prosperity diseases, such as cancer. The objective of the study was to assess the precise cost matrix of oncology medical care and its chronological evolution during the key years of the macroeconomic recessionary period during 2010-2013.
A retrospective database of hospital discharge invoices was analysed, encompassing 37, 978 hospital admissions and 12, 505 patients during a four-year period. Insight into microeconomic patterns of consumption across groups of medical services was provided. A payer's perspective and one-year time horizon have been adopted.
Total hospital direct medical costs of cancer diagnostics and treatment in the observed tertiary care facility decreased from €7, 411, 446 in 2010 to €5, 715, 884 in 2012 and then increased to an extraordinary €8, 536, 364 in 2013. The costs of oncology nursing care, imaging diagnostics and radiotherapy have increased considerably while those of pharmaceuticals and surgery have decreased radically - completely transforming the resource allocation landscape of public cancer care.
The financial burden of cancer in Serbia is considerable and, unfortunately, expected to increase further in the coming years. Worldwide economic recession and consecutive domestic policy constraints of reimbursement limitations have heavily affected the affordability of cancer treatment for ordinary citizens. Promising signs of market recovery are clearly visible in 2013, which will likely improve both access and equity of medical care in Serbian oncology clinics.
Companies engaged in foreign trade, financial resources are needed for the organization of production for export and to finance the sale of goods and services to foreign partners. The economic and ...financial theory, trade and banking practice, the legislation of individual countries have developed different modes of financing. The choice of financing options, which are present in the financial market in the first place depends on: size of company, type and stage of company development, access to financing and funding costs, the conditions of international payments, risk management and stable macroeconomic environment. With the development of forms of merchandising were developing international financial markets, instruments and financing mechanisms and institutions at national and supranational level.TNCs in international trade have brought new, more complex forms of organization and operation. New models of foreign trade are related to the emergence of international production and distribution networks, which have led to changes in economic environment faced by government, industry and individual companies. The financing of international trade leads to shifting the focus from classical instruments to foreign direct investments and cross border credits, so the funding comes in the competitiveness ranking of factors such as technological intensity and quality products. New technologies clearly point to the fact that the financing of trade becomes itself the state of competitiveness of traders and is an integral part of the price and quality of commercial transactions. In the modern world to raise national competitiveness is a widely accepted concept. Raising the competitiveness of the country's process of improving the business environment that should enable increased inflow of foreign and domestic investment, increase exports and imports of goods and services. Building a national model of trade finance is one of the pillars of modern conceptions of competitiveness. The direction and intensity with which Serbia can overcome major technological imbalances in the economy and to increase exports to a large extent depends on the development of the system of financing foreign trade. The system of financial support to foreign trade activities in the countries with which Serbia has the largest share foreign trade largely shape the system of financial support to Serbia in order to maintain the level of existing and future increase in foreign trade.
Preduzećima, koja se bave spoljnom trgovinom, finansijska sredstva su potrebna za organizovanje proizvodnje za izvoz i za finansiranje prodaje robe i usluga inostranim partnerima. Ekonomska i finansijska teorija, trgovinska i bankarska praksa, zakonodavstva pojedinih zemalja razvili su različite modalitete finansiranja. Izbor finansijskih opcija, koje su prisutne na finansijskom tržištu, na prvom mestu zavisi od: veličine preduzeća, vrste i faze razvoja preduzeća, pristupa finansiranju i troškova finansiranja, uslova međunarodnih plaćanja, upravljanja rizicima i stabilnosti makroekonomskog okruženja. Sa razvojem oblika trgovanja razvijali su se međunarodno finansijsko tržište, instrumenti i mehanizmi finansiranja i institucije na nacionalnom i nadnacionalnom nivou. Transnacionalne kompanije u međunarodnoj trgovini su donele nove, složenije oblike organizovanja i poslovanja. Novi modeli spoljnotrgovinskih poslova vezani su za pojavu međunarodnih mreža proizvodnje i distribucije, koje su dovele do promene ekonomskog okruženja sa kojim se suočavaju države, industrije i pojedine firme. U finansiranju međunarodne trgovine dolazi do pomeranja težišta od klasičnih instrumenata ka stranim direktnim investicijama i kros border kreditima, tako da finansiranje dolazi u rang faktora konkurentnosti kao što su: tehnološka intenzivnost i kvalitet proizvoda. Nove tehnologije jasnije ističu činjenicu da finansiranje trgovine postaje samo po sebi stanje konkurentnosti trgovaca i sastavni je deo cene i kvaliteta trgovinskih transakcija. U savremenom svetu podizanje nacionalne konkurentnosti je široko prihvaćen koncept. Podizanje konkurentnosti zemlje je proces unapređenja poslovnog ambijenta koji treba da omogući povećanje priliva stranih i domaćih investicija, povećanje izvoza i uvoza robe i usluga. Izgradnja nacionalnog modela finansiranja trgovine je jedan od stubova savremenog shvatanja konkurentnosti. U kom pravcu i kojim intenzitetom Srbija može da prevaziđe veliki tehnološki debalans u privredi i da poveća izvoz u velikoj meri zavisi od razvijenosti sistema finansiranja spoljne trgovine. Sistem finansijske podrške spoljnotrgovinskim poslovima u zemljama sa kojima Srbija ima najveću spoljotrgovinsku razmenu dobrim delom oblikuje sistem finansijske podrške u Srbiji u cilju održavanja nivoa postojeće i povećanja buduće spoljnotrgovinske razmene.
PDF
